Reasons for the voyages
[100] name one problem with sea travel before the voyages of exploration
- couldn't navigate accurately
- sailors thought that there were sea monsters
- some believed the world was flat and that you'd sail off the edge
[300] Name the new type of ship used during this period and their new triangular style sails.
Caravel with lateen sails.
[200] Name the disease that resulted from lack of clean water
Typhoid
[200] What did Prince Henry the Navigator set up at Sagres in Portugal
[Bonus 100] who famously was there for 9 years.
[Bonus] Christopher Columbus
[100] Explain the term Conquistador
Spanish for conqueror, these were soldiers sent to conquer the American indigenous populations
[200] The indigenous population was decimated by colonisation, war and disease. What percentage of the indigenous population had died as a result of colonisation
Bonus [100 x 3] name the three diseases that were introduced to the new world by the colonists.
90%
[Bonus] Smallpox, measles, influenza
[400] How did the fall of Constantinople impact people's desire to explore the ocean.
[Bonus 100] Explain what goods were being transported to Europe from Asia, and what they were used for.
The fall of Constantinople cut off the Great Silk Road, the main overland trade route from Asia, so new routes from Asia to Europe were needed.
[Bonus answer]
Silk - clothing, very expensive, could show off wealth
Spices - very expensive, flavour food and preserve food
[200] Name the tool used to measure the depth of water, particularly in coastal areas.
Log and Lead Weight
[100] Name three tasks that sailors might have to do as part of their jobs on board a ship.
Raising the sails
Steering the ship
Cleaning the ship
Making repairs
Preparing food for the crew
[300] Give one result of explorers finally sailing all the way to India for Portugal and one result for the rest of Europe.
Portugal:
1. became wealthy
2. created a large empire in Africa and Asia
3. gained control of the spice trade
Europe: Wanted to become wealthy and powerful like Portugal so copied Portugal by going on their own voyages of exploration
[200 x 2] Name two famous conquistadors, the civilizations they conquered and their locations.
Tip: CAM/ PIP
Cortez Aztecs Mexico
Pizarro Incas Peru
From Americas to Europe: Potatoes, chili, avocado, cocoa (chocolate), coffee, tomatoes, tobacco
From Europe to Americas: Horses, cattle, sheep, new farming methods, and new technologies (like steel)
[500] Give two reason why European countries were excited about the prospect of finding new lands and territories.
[Bonus 100] Name the country in Europe which had become rich because of the overland trade route of the Great Silk Road.
1. Desire for empire: wanted to expand their territory
2. Potential for more goods, raw materials in unexplored lands.
3. Europe was Christian, so many rulers wanted to spread Christianity
[Bonus] Italy
[400] Explain how caravel-build hulls were different and better than the older style of clinker-built hulls on ships.
[200] Explain what food/ drink sailors would have on board the ship
All food/ drink had to be stored in barrels for long journey.
Drink - Water or weak beer (ale)
Food - Some meat and vegetables but when this ran out, they ate Ship's Biscuit.
[100] Name the explorer who was the first to round the Cape of Good Hope and make it all the way to Calicut in India.
[Bonus 100] - what was the explorer Ferdinand Magellan famous for?
Vasco de Gama
Bonus: being the first person to circumnavigate (go all the way around) the world.
[200] Why did the Spanish how an advantage over the indigenous people when it came to warfare?
They had never seen horses before
Had no advanced weapons or guns, their tools were made from stone, wood and copper
Thought that the Spanish were Gods
[100] Name the religious group that set up the Catholic schools and converted the indigenous to Christianity.
Jesuits
[300] How did the Renaissance encourage people to explore the ocean?
[500] Explain how a log and line worked and what it measured.
Log and Line measured a ships speed in knots. A rope was thrown behind the boat. The 'log' would provide water resistance and the 'line' would be rope with knots at regular intervals. Depending on the speed at which the knots ran through a sailors hands, that would give them the ships speed in knots.
[200] What was is called with sailors rebelled against their captain?
[Bonus 100] Give a potential punishment for mutiny
Mutiny
[Bonus] Flogging, whipping, being put in chains, execution
[Infinite] Give as many facts about the voyages of Christopher Columbus before he landed in the 'New World. Each relevant fact will be worth 100 points.
- From Italy but was sponsored by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella from Spain
- Three ships: Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria
- 1492 (year he set sail) and 69 days later he spotted land
- Kept a fake logbook so crew wouldn't know how far they'd travelled (afraid of mutiny as no land in sight)
[400] Explain 4 ways in which Aztec society differed from European society
[Bonus 100 for the ways that they're similar)
1. Polytheistic
2. Human sacrifices (to sun God so that the universe wouldn't end)
3. No horses, sheep, cattle, pigs or goats before Europeans
4. For meat ate turkey, dogs and guinea pigs
[Bonus] Massive empire, king at top, some cities, capital Tenochtitlan over 250,000 people
[500] Explain the slavery triangle
Massive growth in the slave trade: As Catholics could not be taken as slaves, and there was a need to replace the indigenous workforce as they died off due to disease, millions of Africans were transported across the Atlantic. The 'slavery triangle' developed: a trade triangle whereby ships delivered African slaves to the Americas, American goods to Europe, and European-manfactured. goods back to Africa. The slaves toiled on the sugar, tobacco, coffee and cotton plantations and in the gold and silver mines.
Marco Polo
[100] Name an instrument used to measure a ships latitude (distance from the equator)
Astrolabe / Quadrant
[200] Name the disease that resulted from lack of vitamin C
Scurvy
[500] Explain the impact of Columbus' 'discovery' of the 'New World' on the indigenous people.
- Worked in mines or on sugar plantations
- Indigenous people (possibly millions) were almost wiped out by disease, overwork, disruption of family life
- Spanish began to import large numbers of Slaves from Africa
[500] Give a brief overview of how the Spanish conquered the Aztecs.
In 1519, Hernán Cortés arrived in Mexico with 11 ships, 500 soldiers, and 13 horses, seeking Aztec wealth.
Cortés burned his ships to show his men there was no retreat.
Many indigenous groups allied with Cortés because they resented the Aztecs’ harsh rule.
The Aztecs were terrified by Spanish horses and cannons, which they had never seen before.
Cortés was helped by Malinche, a multilingual enslaved woman who became his translator and advisor.
Cortés marched to Tenochtitlan, where he met Aztec ruler Montezuma.
Some Aztecs believed Cortés might be Quetzalcoatl, a god foretold to return.
The Spanish stole gold and later captured Montezuma to rule through him.
Violence erupted; Montezuma was killed, and the Spanish were temporarily driven out.
Cortés returned with around 100,000 allies, laid siege to Tenochtitlan for three months, and destroyed the city.
The Aztec capital fell, many inhabitants were massacred, and Spanish rule was established.
Cortés later built Mexico City on the ruins of Tenochtitlan as capital of New Spain.
[400] So many European countries were scrambling for territory in the new world that conflict was inevitable. To help avoid war between Spain and Portugal the Pope created the Treaty of Trodesillas. What did this do?
It divided the new world between Spain and Portugal. Portugal got modern day Brazil, while the rest went to Spain.