Movements
"This movement, founded in 1968, emerged in response to systemic injustices faced by Native Americans, including police brutality, poverty, broken treaties, and cultural erosion."
"What is the American Indian Movement (AIM)?"
"This Lakota leader and medicine man is best known for his role in the defeat of General Custer at the Battle of the Little Bighorn in 1876."
"Who is Sitting Bull?"
Symbol of Resistance: He was a powerful symbol of Native American resistance to U.S. government policies and the encroachment on their lands.
Spiritual Leader: As a respected medicine man, he provided spiritual guidance and unity for the Lakota people during a tumultuous time.
Exile in Canada: After the Battle of the Little Bighorn, he led his people into Canada to escape U.S. retaliation, showcasing his leadership and determination to protect his community.
Return and Surrender: He returned to the U.S. in 1881, symbolizing the forced surrender of Native independence in the face of overwhelming U.S. military power.
Role in the Ghost Dance Movement: Before his death, Sitting Bull became associated with the Ghost Dance, a spiritual movement that aimed to restore Native lands and way of life. This association alarmed U.S. authorities and ultimately led to his arrest and death in 1890.
The food itself, a thin flatbread made from dried and finely ground corn, can be traced back many thousands of years to people of the Sierra Madre Mountains in Mexico. It is thought that tortillas were first developed around 10,000 B.C.E., which coincides with the time corn was first domesticated in the area
Tortilla
"This controversial 1994 California proposition sought to deny undocumented immigrants access to public services, including education and healthcare, and required state employees to report suspected undocumented individuals.
What is Proposition 187?
Name one significant deity represented in the Aztec Calendar
Tonatiuh, the sun god
"This movement, founded in 2013 after the acquittal of George Zimmerman in the death of Trayvon Martin, was created to combat systemic racism, police brutality, and violence against Black communities."
"What is the Black Lives Matter movement?"
"This leader of the Chicano Movement is best known for his efforts to reclaim land grants in New Mexico and for leading the 1967 courthouse raid in Tierra Amarilla to bring attention to land rights."
"Who is Reies López Tijerina?"
Tijerina sought to prove that the United States had violated the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. This treaty, signed in 1848, ended the Mexican-American War and guaranteed that Mexican citizens living in the territories ceded to the U.S. (including present-day New Mexico) would retain their property rights.
originated in Mesoamerica, where the Mayans and Aztecs cultivated cacao trees. They used the beans to create a frothy, bitter beverage often mixed with spices and consumed in religious rituals and as a luxury by the elite.
Chocolate
"These laws, named after a racist minstrel show character, enforced racial segregation in the southern United States from the late 19th century until the mid-20th century, mandating 'separate but equal' facilities for Black and white citizens."
"What are Jim Crow laws?"
What does the eagle represent in the United Farm Workers (UFW) logo?
The eagle symbolizes strength and resilience.
Gained momentum in the 1960s, sought to address issues such as educational inequality, land rights, labor rights, and cultural pride for Mexican-Americans. It emphasized the importance of reclaiming heritage and fighting systemic discrimination.
Chicano/a Movement
"This civil rights activist and co-founder of the United Farm Workers union is best known for leading nonviolent protests, including the Delano grape strike, to improve wages and working conditions for farmworkers in the 1960s."
"Who is César Chávez?"
The ancient Mayans and Aztecs, who chewed sap from the sapodilla tree, for enjoyment and to freshen their breath. This became the base for modern chewing snack in the late 19th century.
Gum
In 2010, Arizona passed House Bill 2281, banning programs in public schools. The law targeted a Mexican-American Studies program in Tucson, arguing it promoted divisiveness and resentment. Critics claimed it suppressed cultural education and violated students' rights.
Ethnic Studies
Largest pyramid on the planet located?
Mexico is home to the world's largest pyramid, the Great Pyramid of Cholula, which is even larger than the pyramids of Giza;
In 1961, rode interstate buses into the segregated Southern United States to challenge the non-enforcement of Supreme Court rulings that declared segregation on public buses unconstitutional.
Freedom Riders
This hip-hop rapper was renamed at age one after this Incan ruler who was executed in Peru in 1781 after the revolt against Spanish rule
Tupac Amaru Shakur (Túpac Amaru II)
A traditional Mexican soup made with hominy, pork, and spices, dates back to pre-Columbian times. It was originally a sacred dish prepared by the Aztecs and other Indigenous groups for special rituals and celebrations.
Pozole
This law authorized the forced removal of Native American tribes from their ancestral lands in the southeastern United States to designated "Indian Territory" west of the Mississippi River. This led to the Trail of Tears, where thousands of Native Americans suffered from exposure, disease, and starvation during their forced relocation.
The Indian Removal Act of 1830
Altar, or ofrenda, symbolizes a bridge between the living and the dead. It is decorated with items such as marigolds, food, photos, and candles to honor and guide the spirits of deceased loved ones back for the celebration.
Dia de los Muertos (Day of the dead)
Aimed to end racial segregation and discrimination against African Americans in the United States, striving for equal rights in education, voting, housing, and public accommodations, particularly during the 1950s and 1960s.
Civil Rights Movement
declared Haiti independent from France in 1804, making it the second independent country in the Americas and the first successful slave revolt in the world.
Who is Jean-Jacques Dessalines
Inspired by traditional Mexican cuisine, was popularized in the United States in the mid-20th century. It was developed as a pre-fried, shelf-stable version of corn tortillas, making tacos more convenient for fast-food
Hard shell Tacos
This law was the first significant legislation in the United States to restrict immigration based on ethnicity. It specifically targeted Chinese laborers, prohibiting their entry into the country and later barring them from becoming U.S. citizens. The act was a response to economic fears and racial prejudice against Chinese immigrants.
The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
A symbol of protection, traditionally used by the Ojibwa (Chippewa) people. Hung above a bed, it is believed to filter dreams, allowing good dreams to pass through while trapping bad dreams in its web until they are destroyed by the morning sun.
Dream Catcher