Chemistry
The three subatomic particles and their charges
protons (+), neutrons (neutral), and electrons (-)
What is the ability of a solute to dissolve within a solvent
solubility
Average salinity of the open ocean
what is 35ppt
Equation for density
What is density = mass/volume
_________ solutions have more H+ ions and ___________ solutions have less H+ ions (and more OH- ions)
What are acidic, alkaline (basic)
When opposite sides of a molecule have contrasting (partial) electrical charges
What is polarity?
Which gas is very soluble in seawater because of its ability to form carbonic acid
carbon dioxide
The way salinity impacts freezing point
as salinity increases, the freezing point of water decreases (makes it more difficult to create ice)
Three factors that DECREASE density of seawater
increasing temperatures
decreasing pressure
decreasing salinity
define the thermocline
The layer of the ocean with a rapid decrease in temperature.
Explain what happens when temperature of liquid water goes down according to kinetic particle theory
energy/movement of the particles slows down and they arrange themselves in a lattice structure that grows and moves apart, creating solid ice with a lower density than liquid water
**This mixing makes it easier for gases in the atmosphere to dissolve into the ocean and works to maintain equilibrium
what is turbulence ?
2 factors INCREASING salinity
evaporation
freezing
***How tropical seas (NOT equator) are an exception to the normal salinity-density correlation
in tropical seas the surface temp creates high evaporation rates at the surface, resulting in a warm and salty layer across the ocean surface that floats despite its increased salinity because temps are so high
***This property allows water to act as a temperature buffer to moderate the planet's climate. Requiring a lot of energy to change something
What is specific heat capacity ?
Explain covalent bonding of a water molecule
oxygen has 6 valence electrons, so 1 electron from each hydrogen atom is paired with an electron from the oxygen atom
3 factors INCREASING gas solubility
decreasing water temperatures,
increasing pressure
decreasing salinity
3 factors DECREASING salinity
Ice melting, precipitation, and surface runoff
How does ice become less dense than liquid water
lattice structures formed by water molecules move outwards, so it's taking up more volume, but mass stays the same, distributing the weight differently and making ice less dense than liquid water
three factors that cause thermoclines and haloclines to weaken or break
strong winds, stormy weather/wave action, currents, upwelling
Explain he ionic bonding of sodium chloride
Na and Cl are attracted because of their incomplete outer shells, so Na gives up an electron, becoming a cation (Na+) and Cl receives the electron, becoming an anion (Cl-) and they are bonded as Na+Cl-
Four reasons why dissolved oxygen concentration increases as you go deeper below the oxygen minimum layer?
1) less animals, less respiration
2) less animals, less decomposition
3) increased gas solubility (pressure)
4) increased gas solubility (cold)
Using a beaker of 3,000mL of water, how much salt is needed to create a solution with a salinity of 30ppt?
90 grams of salt
***The reason ice being less dense is important to sea life
What is so that animals can have a habitat above the ice and the ice acts as a thermal insulator and stops the entire water column from freezing
The reason why water is the universal solvent
(polarity) what is the partial charges on the water molecule allow water to interact and form bonds with charged ions from many ionic and covalent substances