WBC I
monocytes, lymphocytes, & granulocytes
What are three major categories of WBCs?
WBC above 11,000
What is leukocytosis?
Certain medical conditions, Surgery (e.g. knee and hip replacement, Hormone based medicines (i.e. birth control, HRT), Pregnancy and giving birth, Immobility or being still (e.g. long flight), Age (increases as you age), Fam Hx & Genetics: dozens of genetic changes, Race/Ethnicity: highest in AA, Gender: women more child bearing, men more after menopause
What are risk factors of venous thromboembolism?
Cannot be diagnosed solely based on symptoms, which may be absent
What is a DVT or PE?
•Sequential venous compression devices
•Antiembolism stockings
•Elevation of extremities where possible
How to prevent a DVT?
Basophils, eosinophils, & neutrophils
What are granulocytes?
WBC count above 50,000/microliter (not due to leukemia)
What is a leukemoid reaction?
Venous stasis, Venous injury, & Hypercoagulability
What is Virchow’s Triad?
Duplex ultrasonography, Impedance plethysmography, or CT venography and MRI.
What test is used to diagnose a DVT?
Blocks clots from lower extremity
Prevent clot from entering pulmonary circulation
For individuals who are not able to be anticoagulated or had PE on anticoagulation
What is an inferior vena cava filter (Greenfield filter)?
Immature, precursor cells
What are "blast cells"
WBC less than 4,000/microliter
What is leukopenia?
Thrombus travels into inferior vena cava, then right atrium/ventricle
From right ventricle into pulmonary artery (PA)
How does a DVT become a PE?
•Used to rule out if DVT has not occurred, not diagnose
•Levels remain elevated in DVT and PE for about 7 days
What is a D-dimer?
Often result of damage to valves in the deep leg veins
What is chronic venous insufficiency?
What are macrophages?
Disorders of bone marrow stem cells
•May affect 1 cell type or all (reduced RBC’s, WBC’s, and platelets)
What is myelodysplastic syndrome?
Unilateral leg pain, Redness, Ropiness, Tenderness, Warmth over vein, Calf may be swollen
What are symptoms of a DVT?
•Clinical signs of DVT, such as leg swelling
•Scale of 0 to 3
What is Well's criteria?
•Circumferential dusky discoloration noted on lower extremity
•Due to build up of hemosiderin
What is stasis dermatitis?
The most prevalent WBC, one of the first responders, and carries out phagocytosis
What are neutrophils?
Can be due to environmental exposure (radiation, benzene) or secondary in response to cancer treatment.
What are two causes of myelodysplastic syndrome?
silent, dyspnea, chest pain with inspiration, tachycardia, hypotension, and hemoptysis
What is the clinical presentation of a PE?
High-resolution multidetector computed tomographic angiography (MDCTA)
V-Q scan: a ventilation-perfusion scan
What test are done to diagnose a PE?
Venous insufficiency in lower extremities
R/T Trauma or pressure on the lower limbs
Skin breakdown, tissue damage, and necrosis occur
Lateral malleolus common site
What is a venous stasis ulcer?