Key Terms
What is Commercial Capitalism?
The economic system in which people invested in the trade of goods in order to make a profit
Who were the Bourgeoise?
Also knowns as the Burghers this was the name given to affluent merchants and artisans within a borough or burgh (a fortress-like enclosure or city)
Who wrote Sic en Noem?
Bonus: what are the things he is most known for?
Peter Abelard.
Bonus: having a massive ego and having an affair with a student
What was the central building of a castle called and what did it contain?
The Keep. It contained the living quarters, Kitchens, Stables, Storage, and a great hall.
What work of law greatly impacted the creation of the Ordinary Gloss?
Justinians Corpus Iurilis Civilis.
What were guilds and how did they form?
A collection of Merchants or Artisans of a common trade who banded together to establish a standard and rules for their craft.
What rights did the townsfolk hold? (8)
Buy and Sell a property
Free from military obligations
write laws for their city
serfs could become free after living in a city for a year and a day
Sometimes the ability to elect their own leaders
What is the most famous work of Thomas Aquinas? What was his goal with his work?
Summa Theologica.
his goal was to bring together all the received learning of his time into one work
What was the most prominent building in the European countryside? what style was it in?
The most prominent building of the European countryside was the Romanesque style Church or monasteries.
Name the two post powerful Matriarchs of this time period. What did each one accomplish
1. Elenore of Aquitaine
Was married to Louis the 7th till their marriage was annulled due to not producing sons. She then married King Henry of England and produced two male heirs. She was a dominant force in politics after her second husband's death
2. blanch of Castle.
She was Regent for Luis the 6th and ruled France by herself from 1220-1230
What was a commune? how did a commune form?
A commune is an association of townspeople that formed when a lord would not give them their rights. these people would gifts the lord till he gave them what they demanded
Commonly, how was the governance of a city set up? (9)
There was a city council, elected by the citizens, who would crate laws and regulations to keep the town safe.
This included: Regulating air and water pollution, creating a fire patrol, constructing warehouses, establishing weights and measures, and keeping a town guard to patrol the streets
What was Scholasticism and what were its methods?
Scholasticism was the attempt to reconcile faith and religion. Scholastics would: pose a question, give contradicting evidence, then draw a conclusion.
What do these images demonstrate? describe why this came about.
Tournaments and the joust
This was the melee where knights fought each other with blunted weapons and attempted to take prisoners
this evolved into the joust and 1v1 combat
Briefly describe the way of the warrior.
Ex. The boys left their parents between 7 & 8. He would be trained at a noble's castle till the age of 21 when he would be formally knighted. after which he would return to his family castle.
Who were the Aristocracy? what are their main differences from any other class? What was their common lifestyle
these were the Lords, Kings, Dukes, Earls, viscounts, bishops, archbishops, and later knights
Their lifestyle consisted of considerable wealth, tournaments, jousts, and scholarly learning.
What were the conditions in Medieval cities like?
streets were unpaved
surrounded by stone walls
Streets were often narrow and winding with houses crowded on each side
The houses were also narrow but had multiple stories
Candles and fire were used for light but often caused fires
Physical conditions were poor with high amounts of waste
shops were on the bottom floor
What were the tree types of Poetry that formed during this era? Describe each one and give an example of a work if any
1. The Troubadour Poetry
Most popular vernacular poetry consisted of Courtly love, and the love of a knight for a lady. Jaufre Rudel and his Crusading noble
2. the Heroic Epic
Known as the Chanson-De-Geste, these were written about battles and political conquest. A famous example is the Song of Roland
3. The Courtly Romance
Rhymed couplets that spoke of brave knights, virtuous ladies, evil magicians, etc. Legend of king Arthur is an example
How were the houses of the peasantry constructed in the Middle Ages? What about the Aristocracy?
In timber-rich areas peasant houses were built with a wooden frame with wattle and daub filling, otherwise, houses were made of stone. All houses had a thatched roof.
Houses usually consisted of one or two rooms
The Aristocrats lived in Castles each having: large walls, living quarters, and many other amenities
What were the main technological changes of the high Middle Ages? (minimum of five)
Iron was able to be mined in large quantities.
Iron was used in the creation of weapons and armor.
The heavy wheeled plow (Curruca)
Horse collar
Horseshoes
Windmills and Water wheels were used as power
The three-field system for growing crops
Who were the Realists and the Nominalists? What were their main beliefs? Who did each group follow?
The Realists, who followed Plato's ideas, believed that individual objects are not real but manifestations of Universal ideas from the mind of God.
The Nominalists, who followed Aristotle's teachings, believed that only individual objects are real and universal ideas and concepts were simply names.
What was the diet of a peasant in the Middle Ages? how did they prepare this food?
the peasant's diet consisted primarily of nutrient-packed food. the bread was made with rye, barley, millet, or oats. Bacon from the family pig, cheese from the cows and goats, and wild game and fish were the main staples of meat. Many people also drank Ale
Describe in detail the rise of the university. what was the teaching, life, and process like at a university? (11-13)
Educational guilds were formed to educate and train individuals.
The old monastic schools were replaced by secular non-monastic clergy
University of Bologna was the first
Students at universities studied the Trivium and Quadrivium
Teachers would read from a text and commentate as students took notes
A comprehensive exam was taken after a min of 4 years
Students Chose the curriculum, class fees, teaching standards, and lodging prices.
Describe in Detail Romanesque and Gothic architecture. What are each one's main features, and how did each get that style? (17)
Romanesque:
Rectangular basilica shape used during the late Roman Empire Massive walls and pillars. Fortress-like
Barrel vault Ceilings and small windows
Commonly found in Germany, France, and Spain
dominated most of the European landscape
Gothic:
Ribbed Vaults, Pointed arches, flying buttresses, thinner walls, large stained glass windows,
Based on mathematical ratios
built by the community and people of all classes
many greek scholars influenced the thoughts of this time. who were they? and how did their ideas become accessible to the people of medieval Europe? what language were they translated into?
Ptolemy, Euclid, Galin, Hypocrites, Plato, Aristotle.
Their works were translated by Arabic and Jewish scholars who added their commentaries to them
The works were translated into latin