A
The lateral specializations of the pia mater that anchor the spinal cord to the dura mater
denticulate ligament
name the two parts of the intervertebral disc:
nucleus pulposis, anulus fibrosus
The pathogen most commonly responsible for hematogenous osteomyelitis of the spine in an otherwise healthy adult
Bonus: most common cause in those with sickle cell
Staph Aureus
Bonus: salmonella
3 borders of the triangle of auscultation:
medial (trapezius), lateral (rhomboid major), inferior (lat dorsi)
thickening of the supraspinous ligament in the cervical region is termed:
Ligamentum nuchae (nuchal ligament)
embryological epaxial muslces become these structures once fully developed:
Bonus: they are innervated by which PNS structure
deep back and neck muscles
Dorsal rami
A patient present to the clinic with biceps tendon pain near the radial insertion site. Patient has pain and complete loss of function of the biceps tendon. If a strain is suspected, how would you grade it?
Grade 3 strain, complete tear.
the most inferior extension of the conus medullaris. This attaches to the dorsal sacrum, acting as an anchor for the spinal cord
filum terminale externum
A patient comes in with neck pain after a car crash, in which his neck was forced into hyperextension. On x-ray, bilateral fractures of the pars interarticularis of C2 were noted. What is the common name of this fracture?
Hangman's fracture
why are there eight cervical nerves but only 7 cervical vertebrae
each vertebral body receives contribution from 2 sclerotomes, but you lose half of one at the top and half of one at the bottom of the c-spine, thus only 7 vertebrae
Herpes zoster remains dormant in one dorsal root ganglion until activated, thus it can only cause infection downstream from that location (along the course of Dorsal and Ventral Rami on that side only)
3 actions of levator scapulae:
protract scapula, inferior rotation of scapula, elevation of scapula
This "thing" binds to rank ligand and inhibits it from interacting with RANK on osteoclasts, thus keeping them from being activated
OPG (osteoprogerin)
C7
An 18 year old patient presents to your clinic with lumbar back pain that started after her gymnastics practice the night before. X-ray is ordered an reveals anterolisthesis of L4 on L5, what is the most likely cause of the vertebral slippage?
Spondylolysis (bilateral pars defects)
Based on the Ottowa ankle rule, you only need to obtain an x-ray if there is generalized ankle pain and bony point tenderness at these locations:
Posterior aspect of the lateral or medial malleolus
Damage to the posterior chord of the brachial plexus would cause loss of function of which terminal branches?
axillary, radial nerves
3 muscles of the transversospinales group:
Bonus: name them in order from deepest to most superficial
deepest to superficial: Rotatores, multifidus, semispinalis
defective enzyme in hunter's syndrome
iduronate sulfatase
The areas in the peripheral nervous system where sensory and motor neurons are segregated from one another:
spinal roots and rootlets
persistent osteoid would be a microscopic feature of which disease?
rickets/osteomalacia
through the growth plate and epiphysis
Reason why patients with osteopetrosis present with anemia and recurrent infections
overgrowth of bone leads to less marrow, which is where hematopoesis occurs
Reason why patients with CKD will present with hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia
1) defective kidneys wont secrete phosphate as well 2) broken kidney won't make vit D as well, so calcium drops. 3) increase in phosphate causes FGF-23 secretion, which further inhibits Vit D production and continually lowers serum calcium
Pseudohypoparathyroidism (Albrights hereditary osteodystrophy) is caused by a defect in this cell surface receptor
Gs in bone and kidney