BP regulation
kidneys
At what point does the right subclavian artery turn into the axillary artery?
After the first rib
What is the formula for calculating blood pressure?
Blood pressure = CO × TPR
Blood pressure = HR × SV × TPR
1. sympathetic nervous system
2. Kidneys (blood volume/sodium)
3. Vasoconstriction/Vasodilation
What is the term given when the brachial artery becomes the radial artery and the ulnar artery?
Bifurcation
Name a lifestyle modification that can reduce high blood pressure before using pharmacological treatments.
Reducing salt intake OR Increasing physical activity (e.g., aerobic exercise or incidental movement)
what adrenoceptors are found on JG cells in the kidney that stimulate renin release?
What are the three anastomoses of the hand?
Superficial palmer arch, deep palmer arch, dorsal palmer arch
What is a common side effect of ACE inhibitors, such as perindopril?
A common side effect is a dry cough. Other potential effects include hyperkalaemia, renal dysfunction, and dizziness.
describe what stimulates the RAAS and the effects it has on maintaining blood pressure?
1. low BP, low baroreceptor stretch will cause SNS stimulation, activates JG cells in the kidney to release renin. OR low sodium is detected by macula densa which stimulates JG cells to release renin.
2. renin release converts angiotensin into angiotensin I, ACE then converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II
3. angiotensin II causes mass vasoconstriction which increases TPR, stimulates ADH release from hypothalamus (increasing blood volume), stimulates aldosterone release from the adrenals (increases Na+, increases water reabsorption, increases blood volume), and also stimulates thirst response (intake of water, increasing blood volume). All of this increases blood pressure.
At what point does the external iliac artery continue as the femoral artery?
After passing the inguinal ligament.
A patient with hypertension is experiencing peripheral oedema and facial flushing. Which class of antihypertensive drug are they most likely taking?
Calcium Channel Blockers (specifically dihydropyridine-type, e.g., amlodipine)
what receptors does ADH act on?
V1 receptors on blood vessels cause vasoconstriction
AND
V2 receptors in kidney integrate aquaporins into the collecting duct
What does the thyrocervical trunk supply?
Inferior thyroid, parathyroid, larynx/pharynx, shoulder and deep neck muscles.
A hypertensive patient is prescribed hydrochlorothiazide. After a few weeks, they develop muscle cramps, fatigue, and episodes of dizziness. Based on your understanding of this drug's mechanism, explain the likely cause of these symptoms?
The patient's symptoms—muscle cramps, fatigue, dizziness—are most likely due to electrolyte imbalances, particularly:
Hypokalaemia (low potassium): causes cramps and weakness
Hyponatraemia (low sodium): causes dizziness, confusion, and fatigue
Hypomagnesaemia: can also contribute to muscle pain and weakness