Lipid vs. Water Soluble Hormones
What does a hormones target cell posssess that a non-target cell lacks?
Receptor Proteins
The most common second messenger in hormone signaling.
What is cyclic AMP (cAMP)?
This hormone lowers blood sugar by increasing glucose uptake by cells.
What is insulin?
This gland produces T3 and T4, which regulate metabolism
What is the thyroid gland?
These two hormones are secreted by the adrenal medulla during stress.
What are epinephrine and norepinephrine?
Where would the receptor be located for a typical steroid hormone?
Inside the cell
In the cAMP system, the hormone acts as this.
What is the first messenger?
This pancreatic hormone raises blood glucose by triggering glycogen breakdown.
What is glucagon?
This condition is caused by iodine deficiency and results in thyroid enlargement.
What is a goiter?
What is the name of the gland that secretes melatonin and helps regulate sleep-wake cycles?
What is the pineal gland?
This type of stimulus involves one hormone triggering the release of another hormone from a different gland.
What is hormonal stimulus?
In the cAMP pathway, this enzyme is activated by a G protein to create cAMP.
What is adenylate cyclase?
Name two cardinal signs of diabetes mellitus.
What are polyuria and polydipsia? (Also: polyphagia)
When blood calcium levels drop and the parathyroid glands release PTH, this type of stimulus is occurring.
What is humoral stimulus?
This wword means to secrete?
What is Crine
Lipid-soluble hormones typically activate genes by doing this inside the target cell.
What is binding to DNA and initiating transcription?
How does using a second messenger like cAMP benefit the cell’s response to a hormone signal?
It amplifies the signal—one hormone binding can activate many cAMP molecules, leading to a larger and faster cellular response.
In diabetes mellitus, fats are broken down instead of glucose, leading to this acidic condition.
What is ketoacidosis?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) raises calcium levels by stimulating this bone cell type.
What are osteoclasts?
These three zones of the adrenal cortex produce mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and gonadocorticoids.
What are zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis?
What class of hormone is hydrophillic with the exception TH?
Amino Acid Base
Why do water-soluble hormones like epinephrine use the cAMP second messenger system instead of directly entering the cell?
Because they cannot cross the plasma membrane, so they rely on second messengers like cAMP to carry the signal inside the cell and trigger a response.
Glucagon primarily targets this organ to raise blood sugar levels.
What is the liver?
What is the circulatory system structure between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary
Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Portal
What hormone is responsible for stimulating milk production in females?
What is prolactin (PRL)?