Respiratory and Laryngeal Systems
Newborns take __-__breaths/minute at rest; 3-year-olds' resting breaths/minute are much lower at __-__ bpm.
30-80; 20-30
Stable jaw closing patterns begin between the ages of _ and _ years of age (first primary molars achieve occlusal contact at about 16 months, marking this change).
1 and 3
Peak development of inner layers of cortex in language areas has developed by _ months!
6
Efferent neurons are _____;
afferent neurons are _______.
efferent = motor
afferent = sensory
List one element of assessment for children with motor speech disorders.
- Assessment of multiple subsystems
- Examine speech motor skills in relation to developing cognition and language
- Prioritize and sequence areas for improvement
The development of what oral structure begins at two months?
Alveolar development
The laryngopharynx is well-developed by _ years of age.
3
By __ months the hippocampus is fully mature, giving the infant an important neural system for memory.
15
How do neurons commnicate? (hint: answer is one word)
synapses!
List one element of treatment for children with motor speech disorders.
- Discussion on how to treat the whole child: improvement of speech motor skills AND language
- Discussion of treatment approaches that are specific to improving speech motor control
Which of the subsystems becomes significantly more efficient between 4 and 7 years of age?
Respiratory (Expiratory work during speech breathing is much reduced compared with 4-year-olds)
By 4 years, hypertrophy of adenoids commonly results in constriction of the ______________ ____.
nasopharyngeal port
What is myelination?
The formation of a myelin sheath around a nerve to allow nerve impulses to travel more rapidly.
The pyramidal tract is the pathway from the ________ surface to the _________ or the ______ ____.
It is divided into the _____________ tract and the _____________ tract.
cortical; brainstem; spinal cord
corticospinal; corticobulbar
- type of paralysis
- muscle tone
- reflex reactions
In the newborn vocal tract, the laryngeal position is very ____ in the neck.
High
Adult proportions of upper airway system essentially developed by __ years (with continued growth of some structures in males)
16
What are the two things that myelination can potentially signal?
Maturation
Reduced plasticity
The corticobulbar tract is crucial for ______ __________ due to its relationship to _______ ______.
speech production; cranial nerves
Name: 1) muscle tone and 2) reflex status for a UMN lesion.
1) hypertonic, spastic
2) Babinski sign (foot flex)
Children have a growth spurt of the lower face between _-__ years of age.
They experience rapid growth of tongue and lips by _-__ years of age.
7-10
9-13
Adenoids atrophy by _ years, which may impact the pattern of ______________ closure.
velopharyngeal
Which areas are the first to be myelinated and are among the first to demonstrate reduced plasticity?
- Motor and sensory roots of the spinal cord
- Motor and sensory cerebral cortices
Name the cranial nerves most important for speech production.
trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, and hypoglossal (5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12)
Name: 1) muscle tone and 2) reflex status for a LMN lesion.
1) Hypotonic, flaccidity
2) LOSS of reflexes