Week 10!

Variability

100

Define unsystematic variance

Variability within individuals and/or groups of
individuals. This variability is random; some individuals change in one direction, others in another
direction, and some not at all.

200

When is systematic variance desirable?

When it is associated with the independent variable.

300

Is variability always good? Explain

In some cases, we want variability to occur! In other cases, variability can have a negative effect
on our research results. Thus, variability can be either friend or foe.

400

Define measurement error.

Measurement devices we use may be less than perfect. Measurement error equalizes after a high number of measurements. Related to the reliability of the measurement device. More unreliability means more measurement error

500

What is the difference between extraneous variable and confounding variable?

Extraneous Variables are things that may affect or explain the dependent variable that was not the IV (undesirable). Confounding Variables are outside variables/factors that leads to a spurious relationship between the IV and DV because it is related to both.

Internal Validity

100

Define statistical regression.

Occurs when individuals who are selected for the study deviate extremely from the norm, and then they regress back to the mean

200

What is resentful demoralization of the control group?

Control group believes that another group is
getting something desirable. They may become resentful and change their behaviors

300

What is compensatory equalization of treatments? 

Those in the control group receive something
additional as compensation to what is
normally received. Bonus! Why might this be a problem in your study?

400

List 5 threats to internal validity

Maturation
 Selection
 Selection by
Maturation Interaction
 Statistical Regression
 Mortality
 Instrumentation
 Testing
 History
 Resentful
Diffusion of Treatment
 Compensatory
Rivalry by the Control
Group
 Compensatory
Equalization of
Treatments

500

How is testing a threat to internal validity?

Taking the pre-test can change the score on the post test.

External Validity

100

What are two types of external validity?

Population and ecological

200

What is treatment fidelity?

Extent to which the independent variable was
implemented as described: Was the intervention
delivered as intended?

300

Explain the Hawthorne effect

Change in behavior as a result of being aware of participating in the study

400

List 5 threats to external validity

Generalization across Subjects

 Interaction of Personological Variables and Treatment Effects

 Verification of the Independent Variable

 Multiple Treatment

Interference

 Hawthorne Effect

 Novelty of Disruption Effects

 Experimenter Effects

 Pretest Sensitization

 Posttest Sensitization

 Interaction of Time of Measurement and Treatment Effects

 Measurement of the Dependent Variable

 Interaction of History and Treatment Effects

500

Define pretest and post-test sensitization, and name which one is debatable.

Pretest Sensitization: Taking the pretest may make subjects more sensitive to the IV and hence change the posttest

Posttest Sensitization: Taking the posttest may make subjects more sensitive to the IV. However, this point is frequently debated whether this is the case or not

Mystery

100

The definition of statistical validity

The results of the study were unlikely to be the result of chance

200

Define social validity

This is whether society deems the research important and determined by critical research consumers based on aims, methods, and findings.

300

Is verification of the independent variable a population threat or an ecological threat to external validity?

Ecological

400

True or false: Independent variable is intentionally applied when diffusion of treatment was not intended

false

500

True or false: the change caused by manipulating an independent variable results in systematic variance.

Explain why for full points.

True