Common causes of menstrual dysfunction
In PCOS, high insulin levels worsen the hormonal picture by driving the ovaries to produce more of this hormone, which causes acne, hirsutism, and scalp hair thinning.
What are androgens (testosterone)?
Under the current Australian screening program, asymptomatic individuals begin cervical screening at this age, with repeat testing every 5 years if HPV-negative.
What is age 30?
Explain the concept of 'natural contraception' while a mother is breastfeeding
- prolactin has an inhibitory effect on GnRH from the hypothalamus
- results in lower secretions of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary
- these hormones are necessary to regulate menstruation, so lactating females will not usually menstruate (amenorrhea)
- this works as a natural contraceptive, although not the most reliable
What kind of muscle contraction occurs in the hamstring at the end of swing phase, just before heel strike?
Eccentric contraction (the hamstring lengthens)
This condition involves endometrial-like tissue growing outside the uterus, causing cyclical inflammation, pain, and adhesions — and a normal ultrasound doesn't rule it out
What is endometriosis?
These three common STIs, along with genital herpes, are major causes of cervicitis — and visual inspection alone cannot distinguish between them.
What are gonorrhoea, chlamydia, and trichomoniasis?
Distinguish between chancroids and chancres
Chancroids: soft base, painful, irregular edge
Chancres: hard base, not painful, regular edge
Of the four quadriceps muscles, this is the only one that crosses both the hip and knee joints — making it both a hip flexor and a knee extensor. It originates from the AIIS.
Question: What is rectus femoris?
A young female athlete stops getting her period after months of intense training and weight loss. This condition occurs because the brain stops sending signals to the ovaries.
What is hypothalamic amenorrhoea?
Persistent infection with this virus is responsible for more than 99% of all cervical cancers, with types 16 and 18 accounting for over 75% of cases.
What is HPV (human papillomavirus)?
3 mechanisms by which progestogens prevent pregnancy
- Inhibit ovulation
- Thicken cervical mucus
- Thin endometrium
A visible bulge in the upper arm caused by a rupture of the long head of the biceps tendon
What is the Popeye's sign?
This classification system divides causes of abnormal uterine bleeding into structural and non-structural categories.
What is PALM-COEIN?
HPV types 6 and 11 are considered low-risk and don't typically cause cancer — instead, they cause this common clinical manifestation in the anogenital region.
What are condylomata acuminata (anogenital/genital warts)?
Age of the individual, based on this x-ray
8 years old
There is an ossification centre at the tip of the olecranon (CRITOL)
Raised interstitial pressure within one of the fascial compartments of the lower limb can cause peripheral nerve and muscle ischaemia. This acute surgical emergency requires urgent fasciotomy.
What is compartment syndrome?