Anatomy & Embryology of Urinary System
Which germ layer gives rise to the uritogenital system?
Intermediate mesoderm
What peptide inhibits RAAS, release of aldosterone and Na+ & water reabsorption?
Atrial natriuretic peptide
These specific nephrons, which constitute about 15% of the total, are essential for producing concentrated urine because their long Loops of Henle penetrate deep into the medulla.
Juxtamedullary Nephrons
For a stimulus to be painful, it must be… (there are 4 things)
Transduced, transmitted, modulated, perceived
Does Ondine prefer the beach or snow?
(Ondine can't answer but everyone prolly knows by now...)
Snow
Name the 4 parts of the male urethra
Pre-prostatic, Prostatic, Membranous, spongy (penile)
Which of the following is NOT a urothelial signalling mediator?
ATP, NO, ACh, PGE2, Urothelial-derived inhibitory factor
Trick question- they all are lol
This pressure, typically around 10mmHg, is that of the forces driving fluid from the glomerular capillaries into Bowman's capsule.
Net Filtration Pressure (NFP)
What channels do local anaesthetics block?
Na+ channels
Which city/state is Hernoor from?
(Hernoor can't answer)
Melbourne, VIC
What vascularises the adrenal gland?
Superior, middle & inferior suprarenal arteries
What are the 3 extrinsic controls of glomerular filtration regulation?
1. Renal autoregulation (myogenic response & tubuloglomerular feedback)
2. Neural control
3. Hormonal control
This intrinsic mechanism of the kidney involves the macula densa cells of the distal convoluted tubule sensing NaCl concentration and signalling the afferent arteriole.
Tubuloglomerular Feedback
This opioid receptor subtype has beta-endorphin as its endogenous agonist and is associated with analgesia, euphoria, tolerance, and respiratory depression.
Mu
Name all of Anita's kids & in birth order
Mahala & Eden
What are the 4 functions of the kidney?
Excreting waste, secretion of erythropoietin, synthesis & secretion of renin, hydroxylation of 25-OH vitamin D3
What are the neurotransmitters responsible for voiding urine? (Include what the neurotransmitters act upon as well)
ACh & ATP --> M3 --> detrusor
NO --> internal sphincter
This component of the countercurrent system functions as the "exchanger," maintaining the osmotic gradient in the medulla by cycling blood slowly and minimising solute washout.
Vasa Recta
What are the 3 differentiations of pain (explain them)
Nociceptive (associated with actual tissue damage)
Neuropathic (associated with damage to the somatosensory nervous system)
Nociplastic pain (associated with neuroplastic changes of neural circuits, peripheral and/or central, carrying nociceptive information)
Which country does Noah's brother live in?
(Noah can't answer)
Canada i think
What is the name of the structure that lines the anterior surface of the uterus and the posterior surface of the bladder?
Vesicouterine pouch
What happens to transporters in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus?
The Na+ glucose transporters are saturated. This results in excess glucose being excreted in the urine, which has an osmotic effect, thereby drawing water with it. Polyurea vibes fr
The final step of ADH action on the collecting ducts involves the insertion of these specific water channels into the luminal membrane to regulate water reabsorption. (and which specific type)
Aquaporin-2
How does Capsaicin work?
Capsaicin's mode of action is to act as an agonist on the TRPV1 ion channel, causing a massive, painful Ca2+ influx that eventually desensitizes and inactivates the nerve terminal for prolonged pain relief.
What is Anushka's last name? Bonus points if u can spell it
(Anushka can't answer)
Unnikrishnan