Unit 1
The Federalists supported this type of government system with power divided between national and state governments.
federalism
The power of the Supreme Court to declare laws unconstitutional
judicial review
The amendment protecting speech, press, religion, assembly, and petition.
1st
This philosopher’s ideas on natural rights influenced the Declaration of Independence.
John Locke
The President’s formal rejection of a bill that Congress can override with a 2/3 vote in both chambers.
Veto
This failed early U.S. governing document revealed the need for a stronger national government.
Articles of Confederation
Federalist Paper arguing that the judiciary is the “least dangerous” branch.
Federalist No. 78
Speech that includes symbolic actions (like armbands or flag burning).
symbolic speech
This presidential power allows the president to strike specific spending items (but is no longer allowed).
line-item veto
Congressional district boundaries drawn to favor a political party
gerrymandering
This compromise created a bicameral legislature with one chamber based on population and one on equal representation.
Connecticut (Great) Compromise
Congress’s power to review and oversee the bureaucracy’s actions
oversight
Test used to determine whether a law violates the Establishment Clause
Lemon Test
Government agencies and departments that implement federal laws.
federal bureaucracy
This Federalist Paper defends the need for a single energetic executive.
Federalist No. 70
These grants come with conditions or requirements that states must follow.
categorical grants
A temporary committee created for a specific purpose.
select committee
This case protected student speech unless it disrupts learning.
Tinker v. Des Moines
The clause preventing the government from establishing a national religion.
Establishment Clause
This committee controls the agenda and rules for debate in the House.
House Rules Committee
This clause has been broadly interpreted to expand federal power through implied powers.
Necessary and Proper Clause
The process that applies the Bill of Rights to the states.
selective incorporation
The concept that government must follow fair procedures before taking life, liberty, or property.
due process
This amendment guarantees equal protection of the laws.
14
The constitutional requirement that the president report periodically to Congress.
State of the Union
Powers specifically written in the Constitution for Congress are referred to as these.
enumerated powers
When congressional seats are reassigned based on updated population data.
reapportionment
his amendment bans cruel and unusual punishment.
8
This clause requires states to return fleeing criminals to the state where the crime was committed.
Extradition Clause
This constitutional amendment protects people from unreasonable searches and seizures.
4th
Laws or regulations required by the federal government but unfunded are called these.
unfunded mandates
A district where the representative wins by a very large margin is called a ______ district.
Safe District
The rights read to suspects during an arrest.
Miranda rights
This clause requires each state to recognize other states’ public records and judicial rulings.
Full Faith and Credit Clause
A Supreme Court opinion that agrees with the majority outcome but for different reasons.
concurring opinion