Exam Review

Homeostasis

100

• Homeostasis is:

• A property of an organism to maintain a constant internal environment by regulating body parameters.

200

• What are the different types of feedback loops?

Positive and Negative feedback loops

300

• Which feedback loop reinforces parameter away from body’s set point?

Positive Feedback loop

400

• What is the order of the feedback loop?

• Stimulus, sensor/receptor, afferent pathway, integrating center, efferent pathway, effector, response.

500

• Which type of effector control regulates a parameter via two mechanisms working in opposition?

Antagonistic control

Biomolecules

100

What are the four types of biomolecules?

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic Acids, Lipids

200

What type of biomolecule is a steroid considered?

Lipid

300

What is the name of the new bond between two monosaccharides?

glycosidic linkage

400

At what levels of protein structure can heat cause denaturation?

2,3,4

500

Name the linkage between 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acid tails .

ester linkage

Compounds

100

Atoms of elements with 4, 5 or 6 valence e- share e- to fulfil octet are seen in which type of compounds?

Molecular compounds

200

True or False: nonpolar molecules are hydrophilic

false, hydrophobic

300

Why are ionic bonds strong as crystals, but weak in water?

hydration spheres

400

True or False: Ionic bonds can be single, double, or triple bonds?

False, that is seen in bonds where electrons are shared, molecular compounds.

500

Is KCl more likely to form a molecular or ionic bond?

ionic

Functional groups

100

name this functional group: OH

hydroxyl

200

name this functional group: PO₄^2-

Phosphate

300

What functional group does an organic acid have attached to its hydrocarbon chain?

carboxyl (COOH)

400

What functional group does a thiol have attached to its hydrocarbon? 

sulfhydryl (SH)

500

What functional group is seen in both a ketone and an aldehyde?

a carbonyl (C=O)

Cellular Transport

100

Spontaneous movement of substances from high to low concentration, requiring no energy.

Passive transport (diffusion)

200

What are the four types of transport?

Passive, active, secondary active, bulk.

300

What type of transport is the Na⁺/K⁺ pump? and how many go in and out of the cell?

active. it uses energy and goes against its gradient. 3 sodium out, 2 potassium in

400

Can the process of saturation and competition occur in both active and secondary active transport? Explain your reasoning.

Yes. Both require some sort of protein embedded in the cellular membrane, which can lead to both saturation and competition.

500

If sodium is going intracellularly and calcium is going extracellularly, both simultaneously, which is going with diffusion and which type of transport is this?

sodium goes with its gradient. (conc for sodium is higher outside so it goes from high to low, going with the gradient) Secondary active transport (antiporter), two substances going at the same time in opposite directions.