Show:
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Biology, Cognition, & Learning
Learning by Observation
Potpourri
100
In Pavlov's experiments, the tone started as a neutral stimulus, and then became a(n) _______________ stimulus.
What is conditioned.
100
A medieval proverb notes that "a burnt child dreads the fire." In operant conditioning, the burning would be an example of a ____________________.
What is punisher.
100
Taste-aversion research has shown that some animals develop aversions to certain tastes but not to sights or sounds. This finding supports (a) Pavlov's demonstration of generalization. (b) Darwin's principle that natural selection favors traits that aid survival. (c) Watson's belief that psychologists should study observable behavior, not mentalistic concepts. (d) the early behaviorists' view that any organism can be conditioned to any stimulus.
What is (b) Darwin's principle that natural selection favors traits that aid survival.
100
Children learn may social behaviors by imitating their parents and other models. This type of learning is called ______________ ______________.
What is observational learning.
100
The process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring information or behaviors.
What is learning.
200
A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events.
What is classical conditioning.
200
One way to change behavior is to reward natural behaviors in small steps, as they get closer and closer to a desired behavior. This process is called ___________.
What is shaping.
200
A mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a ___________ ________ of it.
What is cognitive map.
200
Some scientists believe that the brain has ___________ neurons that enable observation and imitation.
What is mirror.
200
Two forms of associative learning are classical conditioning, in which the organism associates ______________ and operant conditioning, in which the organism associates ______________. (a) two or more responses; a response and a consequence (b) two or more stimuli; two or more responses (c) two or more stimuli; a response and a consequence (d) two or more responses; two or more stimuli
What is (c) two or more stimuli; a response and a consequence.
300
In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neural stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.
What is acquisition.
300
A restaurant is running a special deal. After you buy four meals at full price, your fifth meal will be free. This is an example of a ___________________ schedule of reinforcement.
What is fixed-ratio.
300
A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake.
What is intrinsic motivation.
300
The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior.
What is modeling.
300
Thorndike's law of effect was the basis for ________________ work on operant conditioning and behavior control. (a) Watson's (b) Skinner's (c)Pavlov's (d) Freud's
What is (b) Skinner's.
400
The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.
What is extinction.
400
The partial reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after unpredictable time periods is a ___________________-_________________ schedule.
What is variable-interval.
400
A desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment.
What is extrinsic motivation.
400
Positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior.
What is prosocial behavior.
400
A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer.
What is conditioned reinforcer.
500
After Watson and Rayner classically conditioned Little Albert to fear a white rat, the child later showed fear in response to a rabbit, a dog, and a sealskin coat. This illustrates ___________.
What is generalization.
500
Your dog is barking so loudly that it's making your ears ring. You clap your hands, the dog stops barking, your ears stop ringing, and you think to yourself, "I'll have to do that when he barks again." The end of the barking was for you a _________________.
What is negative reinforcer.
500
Rats that explored a maze without any reward were later able to run the maze as well as other rats that received food rewards for running the maze. The rats that had learned without reinforcement demonstrated ______________ _________________.
What is latent learning.
500
Most experts agree that repeated viewing of TV violence (a) makes all viewers significantly more aggressive. (b) has little effect on viewers. (c) dulls viewers' sensitivity to violence. (d) makes viewers angry and frustrated.
What is (c) dulls viewers' sensitivity to violence.
500
How could your psychology instructor use negative reinforcement to encourage your attentive behavior during class? (a) She could add unscheduled pop quizzes. (b) She could kick you out of class for not paying attention. (c) She could shorten the length of an assigned paper.
What is (c) She could shorten the length of an assigned paper.