Cardiac Development
At what week or days will the heart tubes fuse together to become a single heart tube?
21-23 days or week 3
In fetal cardiovascular system, the pressure is greater on the ____________ side.
Right
What are the three modes of echocardiography?
Real time, M-mode, Doppler
What does rt. lateral decubitus mean?
Patient is on their right side
How do you angle to bring in the RVOT?
Superior and Lateral
What does the atrioventricular Sulcus divide? and what does sulcus mean?
Divides the primitive atrium and the primitive ventricle. Sulcus means groove
What is the first shunt? The second shunt?
foramen ovale and the ductus arteriosus
What are three advantages of TTE?
Relatively inexpensive, pain free, quick and reliable, minimal staffing, minimal equipment, is portable and provides immediate information
What window can you see both papillary muscles?
Left Parasternal
What is rule # 2?
When a valve is closed there is a pressure gradient.
During what week does the heart tube fold and how does it fold?
Week 4 and it folds to the right known as d-looping.
What is persistent fetal circulation and what is it a result of?
The result of pulmonary hypertension with persistent right to left shunting across the patent foramen ovale and patent ductus arteriosus.
What does Hertz stand for? To exceed human hearing the frequency must be ? What does MHZ stand for?
cycles per second, >20,000 Hertz, Mega Hertz
What cambers, valves, walls and vessels are visualized in the apical 2 chamber?
Chambers: left vent & left atrium. Valve: Mitral Valve. Walls:inferior wall, apical cap, anterior wall. Vessel: descending aorta in long axis
What is the anatomy visualized in Supra sternal Long? How do you rotate to bring in supra sternal short?
Aorta, Right pulmonary artery, left atrium. Rotate clockwise from patient's left ear.
At week 4 there is only one great vessel leaving the heart, the is the ______________
Truncus Arteriosus
What is the purpose of the ductus venosus and what does the remnant becomes the ________________
The majority of blood from the umbilical vein travels through the portal system and empties into the ductus venosus. Remnant becomes the ligamentum venosum.
What is the main advantage of a High frequency transducer? What is the disadvantage of a Low frequency transducer?
High frequency good resolution. Low frequency disadvantage poor resolution.
What two views can you visualize the Anterior and Inferior wall?
PSAX & Apical 2
What is the normal area for all four valves?
MVA : 4-6cm2
TVA 7-9 cm2
AVA & PVA >2cm2
A remnantof the _________________ acts as a flap or "wind sock" at the level of the foramen ovale . At what week does this happen?
Septum primum, week 7
With a PDA how is the blood going to shunt?
Left to right, Aorta to Pulmonary artery
Name all the windows with their corresponding views.
Left Parasternal: PLAX, RVIT, RVOT, PSAX,AP,PM,MV,BAse Left Apical: 4,5,2,3 Subcostal: four chamber, Base, IVC, Aorta Suprasternal: long Axis, Short Axis Right Parasternal: Use to Doppler the Aortic valve
What is the only view that you will see the tricuspid posterior leaflet?
RVIT
Doppler echocardiography is one of the modalities. Doppler includes ______________, and _____________ Doppler.
color flow Doppler and spectral doppler