Vocbulary
Explain the words in the paragraph 1
scatter=分散，散开
dispersal=分布
capsaicin=辣椒素
ingest=咽下
Explain Q1
C crucial: “至关重要的”。这个选项是正确的。"Pivotal" 在这里意味着某事物在某过程或系统中的核心重要性。原文中多次提到鸟类在生态系统中的重要作用，如 "Birds provide numerous invaluable ecological services" 和 "Birds shape the plant world in myriad other fascinating ways"，这些都强调了鸟类的关键作用。
Explain the words in para 2
fondness=喜爱
pluck=摘
germinate=发芽
dub=被称为
hemisphere=半球
Sentence Analysis in Para 5
Translation:
当硫酸和水与大气中的氨结合时，会形成更大的颗粒，这些颗粒成为云滴的核心，从而形成冷却云。
Paraphrasing:
When sulfuric acid and water react with the ammonia in the atmosphere, they create larger particles that act as nuclei for cloud droplets, leading to the formation of cooling clouds.
Main idea of para 1
Birds help plants to scatter seeds
Explain Q3
A Birds help plants move into new territories. 这个选项是正确的。原文中提到，“Seed dispersal enables plants to migrate into new territory”，这表明鸟类通过传播种子帮助植物迁移到新的领域。
C Birds increase the likelihood that plants will survive. 这个选项是正确的。原文明确指出，“Seed dispersal...reduces competition with others of their own species, thereby increasing survival rates”，这说明鸟类通过种子传播减少了同种植物间的竞争，从而提高了植物的生存率。
Sentence Analysis in Para 1
Translation
在人类舌头上，每百万分之十的溶液会产生明显的灼热感，但鸟类的神经受体即使摄入每百万分之二万的辣椒素也不会感受到热感。
Paraphrasing
On a human tongue, a solution with just ten parts per million causes a clear burning sensation, whereas in birds, the nerve receptors do not detect the spiciness of capsaicin even when they consume as much as twenty thousand parts per million.
Main idea of para 3
The paragraph specifically mentions the interactions between birds like white-winged doves and hummingbirds with different plants, showcasing their crucial role in pollination processes.
Explain Q5
C It is where many of today's chili pepper varieties first appeared. 这个选项是正确的。原文明确指出，所谓的“核心区”是因为其拥有世界上最多的野生辣椒品种而得名。这表明许多今天的辣椒品种最初出现在这个区域。原文中的相关信息是：“The cradle of chili pepper civilization is in Brazil, in a lowland region dubbed ‘the nuclear area’ because it has the largest number of wild varieties of chilies in the world.”
Translation:
此外，辣椒只有在成熟时才能轻松地从茎上摘下，这意味着只有那些准备好发芽（从种子长成植物）的种子会被鸟类吞食。
Paraphrasing:
Furthermore, chili peppers can be easily plucked from the stem only when they are fully mature, indicating that only the seeds prepared to sprout are consumed by the bird.
Main idea of para 5
The main idea of this paragraph is the impact of large flocks of birds on the weather, particularly in the Arctic region.
Explain Q6
C Some bird species, such as hummingbirds and white-winged doves, transport pollen grains from flower to flower as they search for nectar. 这个选项是正确的。它准确地概括了原文的主要信息，即这些鸟类在寻找花蜜的过程中从一朵花到另一朵花传播花粉。
Explain Q10
A The chili pepper is an example of a plant whose seeds are eaten by birds, move through bird digestive tracts unharmed, and can be deposited in areas far away from the original plant. 这个选项是正确的。文章中提到，辣椒种子被鸟类吃掉后可以安全地通过鸟类的消化道，并且被分散到远离原植物的地方。原文中的相关信息是：“Bird digestive systems also do the seeds of the chili pepper no harm... Birds, however, drop the undigested seeds in faraway places.”
C The extinction of bird species or their disappearance from certain areas can negatively impact everything from plant diversity and population size to climate conditions. 这个选项是正确的。文章提到，鸟类的消失会对生态系统产生广泛的负面影响，包括影响植物多样性、植物种群大小和气候条件。原文中的相关信息是：“The extinction of the dodo...could well be the cause of the decline of the tambalacoque tree” 和 “When seabirds change their migratory patterns or disappear, experts believe they may contribute to changes in Arctic weather.”
E The reproduction of some plants is promoted by certain bird species that collect nectars and, in the process, coincidentally spread pollen from one plant to another. 这个选项是正确的。文章中提到了某些鸟类（如蜂鸟和白翅鸽）在采集花蜜的过程中无意中将花粉从一株植物传播到另一株植物，从而促进了这些植物的繁殖。原文中的相关信息是：“White-winged doves...carry pollen between saguaro cactus flowers, and hummingbirds...they carry millions of tiny grains of pollen stuck to their heads, beaks, and feathers.”