Thoracic Limb Musculature
Thoracic Limb Neuro/vascular anatomy
Boney Stuffs of the Thoracic Limb
Thoracic Limb Comparison
Embryology
100
The muscle that allows for an outward rotation of the paw.
Supinator m.
100
The superficial vein of the antebrachium that is often used of venipuncture.
Cephalic v.
100
The bones of the antebrachium.
Radius and Ulna
100
This bone is absent or reduced in most cursorial animals, but provides boney attachment of the thoracic limb to the thorax in most biped, brachiators, manipulators, and diggers.
Clavicle.
100
The three layers of embryonic development (i.e. the 3 germ layers)
Mesoderm, Ectoderm, Endoderm
200
The flexors of the elbow joint.
Biceps brachii m. and brachialis m.
200
The nerve of the triceps brachii.
Radial n.
200
The grove where the anconeal process of the ulna sits during extension.
Olecranon fossa.
200
This boney prominence is reduced in dogs, and absent in horses, and its size is often correlated with the clavicle development.
Acromion
200
The solid ball of cells inside the zona pellucida as a result of cleavage, usually 16-64cells in size.
Morula
300
The muscles that comprise the "caudal or flexor group" of the shoulder.
Deltoideus m., Teres minor m., Teres major m.
300
The nerve that originates from the spinal segments C8 and T1, and innervates the Flexor carpi radialis m. and the Superficial digital flexor m.
Median n.
300
The equine insertion point for the Flexor carpi ulnaris.
Accessory carpal bone
300
In the "original" animal design the limbs sat out laterally from the body (as seen in most lizards today) and this provided these animals with a lot of stability. Through evolution the limbs are now under the trunk of the animal, there are advantages and disadvantages, name one of each.
Advantages:
1) decreases the loads in the ventral girdle of the animal
2) increased protraction and retraction of the limb = faster
Disadvantages:
1) narrower base of support = less stable
2) reduced latero-flextion of the body
300
The aspect of the blastocyte where the cells in that area become larger and will eventually the area from which the embryo will develop.
Embryonic disc.
400
What two muscles compose the "muscular sling" that supports the trunk.
Serratus ventralis m.
Pectoralis profundus m.
400
The nerve of the shoulder "flexor" group.
Axillary n.
400
The type of joint of the thoracic girdle to the axial skeleton.
Synsarcosis: a junction of two or more bones by means of muscular attachment(s).
400
This boney prominence is absent in horses, is partially present in carnivore, and fully developed in manipulators. This boney prominence increased the range of movement of the forelimb and is on the distal end of the humerus.
Capitulum (it engages with the radius)
400
The cells around the blastoceol, cells which facilitate absorption of nutrients. These cells are not found on the embryonic disc in all animals expect primates.
Trophoblast cells.
(Greek: troph - nourish, blast - germ)
500
The muscle that draws the thoracic limb cranially, with an insertion on the wing of the atlas.
Omotransversarius m.
(Origin: distal scapular spine)
500
The nerve that is most commonly damaged in trauma to the proximal forelimb, especially in instances of fractures.
Radial n. b/c it wraps from the caudal aspect of the humerus to the cranial distal part of the humerus. Comes from the rotation of the limbs due to evolution.
500
The bones of the equine mid- or inter-carpal joint.
Proximal (medial to lateral): Radial carpal bone, intermediate carpal bone, ulnar carpal bone.
Distal (medial to lateral): 2nd carpal bone, 3rd carpal bone, 4th carpal bone.
(the 1st carpal bone is frequently isolated from the remainder of the skeleton, embedded in the palmar carpal ligament behind the second carpal)
500
Compare and contrast the carpal bones of a bovine vs a carnivore.
500
The embryological cell layer making up the neural tube.
Ectoderm.