MSK
what are the pain classifications?
neuropathic pain, nociceptive pain, nociplastic pain
what is non-musculoskeletal pain?
infections, inflammatory disorders, neoplasms, metabolic disorders
how many spinal nerves in cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal?
cervical = 8
thoracic = 12
lumbar = 5
sacral = 5
coccygeal = 1
What are the types of wounds?
-superficial/deep cuts
-burns (1st, 2nd, 3rd)
What are the layers of the skin?
epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
what are causes of visceral pain?
inflammation, stretching/compression, ischemia, infection, chronic conditions
Show and name all the key sensory points in dermatome testing?
C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, T1, T2, L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, S1, S2
what are the components of upper/lower quarter screens?
posture, ROM, myotome testing, dermatome testing, reflexes
How many stages of wound healing and what are they in order?
4 stages
-hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, remodeling
what are the factors affecting healing?
local, systemic, drugs, foods
what is a sclerotome?
area of bone or fascia supplied by a single nerve root
what grade do you start with myotome testing and what are the grades?
start with Grade 3
Grade 5N = full rom against considerable resistance
Grade 4G = full rom against moderate resistance
Grade 3F = full rom against gravity and no resistance
Grade 2P = full rom with gravity eliminated
Grade 1T = slight contractility but no joint movement
Grade 0 = no contractility
what is neurapaxia?
least severe, focal damage of myelin fibers around the axon, axon and connective tissue sheath remain intact, limited course (days to weeks)
What is the difference between Stage 2 wound stage and Stage 3 wound stage?
stage 2 - superficial/partial thickness, epidermis and dermis involved, superficial 2nd degree and 2nd degree burns
stage 3 - full thickness, all layers of skin, 3rd degree burns
what are the joint structural classifications with their matching functional classification?
-fibrous = synarthorsis
-cartilaginous = amphiarthrosis
-synovial = diarthrosis
what are the observations during active rom?
-patients willingness to move
-onset and location of pain
-effect of movement on pain intensity and quality
-patients reaction to pain
-amount and nature of restriction
-pattern of movement
-rhythm and quality of movement
-movement of associated joints
What is Hoffman's pathological sign and Babinski's pthological sing?
Hoffman's = flick distal phalanx of index finger: adduction and opposition of the thumb and slight flexion of the fingers
Babinski's = stroke plantar surface of foot from heel to the great tow, starting from lateral side and sweeping across to the medial side of the ball of the foot: extension of great toe
Show and tell the myotome nerves and motions?
C1/2 = neck flexion/extension
C3 = neck lateral flexion
C4 = shoulder elevation
C5 = shoulder abduction
C6 = elbow flexion/wrist extension
C7 = elbow extension/wrist flexion
C8 = finger flexion, thumb extension, ulnar deviation
T1 = finger abduction/adduction
L2 = hip flexion
L3 = knee extension
L4 = ankle dorsi-flexion
L5 = great toe extension
S1 = ankle plantar-flexion/ankle eversion/hip extension
S2 = knee flexion
what are the types of synovial joints and explain each?
ball-and-socket = multiaxial, rounded head fits into a concavity
plane = usually uniaxial, permits gliding or sliding movements
pivot = uniaxial, rounded process of bone fits into a bony/ligamentous socket, permitting rotation
hinge = uniaxial, permits flexion and extension only
saddle = biaxial, saddle-shapped heads permit movement in two different planes
condyloid = biaxial, permits flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, and circumduction
a pt reports forearm pain. x-ray reveals an incomplete break where one side of the bone is bent and the other is fractured. what type of fracture is this?
greenstick
a pt presents with decreased sensation along the middle finger and weakness in elbow extension. the triceps reflex is absent. which nerve root is affected?
C7
a pt reports numbness over the anterior thigh and weakness in hip flexion. which spinal nerve root is most likely affected?
L2
a pt reports burning in the medial arm near the axilla and weakness in finger abduction/adduction. which spinal nerve root is most likely affected?
T1
a pt falls and presents with a swollen, deformed mid-shaft tibia. the x-ray shows the bone has broken into two pieces with the ends overlapping. what type of fracture is this?
oblique/displaced
a pt presents with painless, leathery burns that extend through the epidermis and dermis, destroying nerve ending. what type of burn is this?
full-thickness (3rd degree)