Tissues
explain exocrine vs. endocrine glands
exocrine: connected to surface via a duct (can be surface of skin or of organ)
endocrine: no ducts, secrete hormones directly into blood
what are the three steps of transcription
initiation, elongation, termination
list the layers of the skin in order from the surface down
stratum corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale
what do mucous glands produce
mucin (a glycoprotein), which absorbs water to form mucus
what does a serous membrane consist of tissue-wise
simple squamous epithelium resting on a layer of areolar tissue
explain transcription vs. translation
transcription: copying genetic instructions from DNA to mRNA
translation: protein synthesis from mRNA instructions
explain secretion vs. excretion
secretion: product is useful to body
excretion: waste product
what proteins are crucial for DNA packing
histones
what are the sublayers of a mucous membrane
epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa
explain introns vs. exons
In post-transcriptional modification, introns are noncoding sections of a gene that don't specify an amino acid sequence, and are removed. Exons DO specify an amino acid sequence, so they stay and are spliced together for form mRNA
what are the five types of epidermal cells
stem cells, keratinocytes, melanocytes, tactile cells, dendritic cells
purines: adenine and guanine
pyrimidines: cytosine, thymine, uracil
what are the two ways to classify exocrine glands, and that are the categories WITHIN those classifications
duct shape: simple or compound
gland shape: tubular, acing, or tubuloacinar
what are the three main participants in translation
mRNA, tRNA, ribosomes
what pigments influence skin color (partial credit)
eumelanin, pheomelanin, hemoglobin, carotene
what are the types of cell junctions/connections
tight junction, desmosome, hemidesmosome, gap junction
explain the three modes of secretion
eccrine: release secretions from cells via exocytosis
apocrine: lipid droplet covered by membrane and cytoplasm buds off of cell surface
holocrine: cells accumulate a product and then disintegrate
what protein are the transport vesicles that move new proteins away from the ER covered in
clathrin
explain the three types of hair
lanugo: fine, downy, unpigmented hair on fetus
vellus: fine, pale hair that replaces lanugo by birth. 2/3 of hair on women, 1/10 of hair on men, all hair on children except head/eyebrows/eyelashes
terminal: longer, coarser, more heavily pigmented. eyebrows, eyelashes, scalp, axillary, pubic, male facial/trunk/limb hair
what do cells synthesize OTHER than proteins (partial credit)
glycogen, fat, steroids, phospholipids, pigments