Potassium, Calcium, Phosphates, and Magnesium
Which parasite has the potential to cause Pseudo-Addison's?
What are Whipworms (Trichuris vulpis).
What are the three types of Azotemia? And give an example of all 3.
What is Pre-renal (decrease blood flow), Renal (nephron damage) and Post-renal (urinary obstruction).
What is the only proteinuria that causes hypoalbuminemia?
What is glomerular proteinuria
This structure in the bladder is the dorsal triangular area located within lines connecting the ureteral openings in the bladder. What is the gross internal feature called?
What is the Trigone
What happens to the amount of chloride ions when a patient is vomiting?
A: Chloride ions are lost in vomit or sequestered with hydrogen ions due to the increase in HCO3- = Metabolic Alkalosis
What is a suspicious ratio for addison's? Hint the Na:K ratio
What is an Na:K = 20
A dog is dehydrated and the USG is 1.010. What type of Azotemia is this?
What is Renal Azotemia
An alkaline pH will cause ___ crystals. These type of crystals are very common in dogs and cats and are usually caused by UTI's.
What are Struvites
Look at image on Brandt's Ipad. What is the arrow pointing to?
What is ureteral papilla
What is the difference between organic and inorganic metabolic acidosis?
A:
Inorganic: due to kidney problem, kidneys not excreting H+ like they should
Organic: Increased production of H+ from ketones or lactate
What is increase renal loss, Increase K+ secretion.
What is K+ shift into cells (maintain electroneutrality)
Azotemia and a USG of <1.035 is indicative of what disease?
Hint: Cats
What is CKD.
What is your TOP differential if the urinalysis detects red urine, negative sediment, 2+ protein, and your patient is anemic? Bonus: Is it pre-renal, renal, or post-renal?
What is Intravascular hemolytic Anemia. (IMHA is the overall term)
Ingestion of this will lead to tubular degeneration and obstruction. Also is the most common intoxication in dogs and cats
What is Ethylene glycol (antifreeze)
What is respiratory response to metabolic acidosis and how does this compensate?
A: Hyperventilation, blows out CO2 which decreases H+ in blood because CO2 dissociates into H+ ions
Where is fCa2+ and fMg2+ reabsorbed? And what hormone is it dependent on?
Hint: fCa2+ is reabsorbed in two locations.
What is the ascending LOH (fCa2+ and fMg2+), and distal nephron (fCa2+)
Hormone: PTH
What are differences between Glomerular Disease and Tubular disease? Give me two differences minimum for each disease.
G: 1. Lost Albumin in urine. 2. UPC usually >>1.0. 3. Possible Azotemia
T: 1.WRI Albumin usually reabsorbed. 2. UPC usually <<1.0. 3. +/- glucosuria
What 2 conditions will you see false positive heme on a urinalysis and will look like hemoglobinuria is present?
What is dilute and alkaline urine causes RBC's to lyse
What stain is used for Glomerular Amyloidosis?
What is Congo Red Stain
How would you classify a patient's blood gas if they had pH decreased - WNL, PaCO2 increased, HCO3- increased? Name one differential that can cause this?
A: Respiratory acidosis with comp metabolic alkalosis, upper airway obstruction, pleural effusion, infection, sedatives -> anything that blocks the airways/increased capillary gas exchange
Hypocalcemia due to chronic kidney disease is a decreased total Ca2+, fCa2+ and Pi which is increasing PTH, What is the secondary cause of this condition?
What is Secondary Renal Hyperparathyroidism.
Why do animals lose renal concentrating ability in Chronic Renal Failure?
1. Solute Diuresis - More solute presented to remaining nephrons leads to less water
2. Medullary Hypertonicity is not maintained - Decreased Na+ and Cl- transport in Ascending LOH
3. Distal Tubules less responsive to ADH
List the 4 conditions that cause proteinuria and 1 differential for each.
1. Pre-renal: IMHA, Muscle Necrosis
2. Glomerular: Glomerulonephritis, glomerular amyloidosis
3. Tubular: Acute tubular toxicity (Antifreeze)
4. Post-renal: UTI, Blockage
Which nerves to the bladder provide sympathetic, parasympathetic and somatic innervation to the bladder?
Symp: Hypogastric Nerve
Para: Pelvic nerve
Somatic: Pudendal nerve
Name one Hypoxia WITH hypoxemia, and name one hypoxia WITHOUT hypoxemia. Describe what those hypoxias are and how they either cause or don't cause hypoxemia.
Hypoxias -> hypoxemia: Atmospheric, Tidal and Alveolar
Hypoxias w/o -> Hypoxemia: Hemoglobinemic, Stagnant, demand