Bacteriology
Biosecurity
Sample Collection
PK1
PK2
100
Which staining method distinguishes gram+ vs gram- bacteria?
Gram Stain
Bonus Question: Where does the stain go?
100
Describe a method of PPE and how it would protect you
gloves, lab coat, boots (on a farm), masks, face shield, respirator, goggles, etc. etc.
100
Is interpreting the results the responsibility of the clinician or microbiologist?
Microbiologist
Bonus q- what is the responsibility of the clinician?
100
What are examples of routes of administration?
100
What does ADME stand for?
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
KNOW for each drug :)
200
Describe the different shapes of bacteria
Cocci: circular
bacilli: rod-shaped
Budding: Hypae and stock
Others: corkscrew, spirochete
Bonus Q: What's the difference between "strepto-" and "staphy"- prefixes?
200
What is the difference between bio-exclusion and biocontainment?
Think of what you do (preventative measures) before a pathogen enters (bio-exclusion)
versus
How you deal with the pathogen when actually enters (biocontainment)
200
Does a negative report always mean a negative result/ the etiological agent isn't present?
No- it can be overgrown by contaminants, died, or stopped shedding
200
What is the difference pharmcokinetics versus pharmcodynamics?
pharmcokinetics: what the BODY does to the drug
pharmcodynamics: what the DRUG does to the body
200
What is bioavailability?
The amount of the drug available to the body from the blood stream
Bonus Q: Which route of administration has 100% bioavailability?
300
Describe the temperature requirements for mesophile bacteria, and which specific organism would thrive?
25-40 degrees C: Optimum temp is 37 degrees C
Most human/ mammalian pathogens such as E.coli, staphylococcus, salmonella.
300
Describe bio-safety level 2
Moderate risk to human health
proper PPE and training necessary
autoclave present
examples of agents; Salmonella, Ehrlichia
bonus question: how many levels are there total?
300
List 2 principles of sample collection
Take from affected site
sample early
take from the edge/ periphery of lesion
Aseptically
Inform the lab if treatment has begun
Bonus Q: Why shouldn't you sample from the middle of a lesion?
Bonus Q: Do you cut or pluck hair when collecting a sample?
300
Describe enterohepatic recycling, and which route of administration it is important for
See image: Oral drugs
300
Quick! You're in an emergency, and need to administer fluids.
What route of drug administration is not advisable in a dehydrated patient?
Subcutaneous
Bonus Q: What IS advisable?
400
List the steps involved in bacterial pathogenesis
Hint: Starts with Exposure as the first step...
1. Exposure
2. Adhesion
3. Invasion
4. infection and colonization
5. toxin release
Think of this like a story!
Bonus q: Describe modes of transmission (think of where they can get in the body).
400
Why do you use 70% alcohol instead of 100% when disinfecting?
70% alcohol is more effective at disinfecting than 100% alcohol because the 30% water content is essential for penetrating bacterial cell walls.
The higher water concentration slows evaporation, allowing more contact time for the alcohol to coagulate proteins and destroy microbes, whereas 100% alcohol causes rapid, superficial protein coagulation that seals the bacteria and allows them to survive
400
What is an example of a suitable specimen for anaerobic culture?
Sterile body fluids (such as cerebral spinal fluid)
Deep abscesses
Blood (aseptically collected)
Surgical specimens
Nothing that is always/can be exposed to air (such as skin, saliva, tracheal, nasal, vaginal, and fecal matter)
400
You need to administer pimobendin to a 3 y/o golden retriever that is 45 kg. What factor is important to take into account when calculating the dosage?
A.) Total weight
B.) Lean body weight
C.) Pick another drug
D.) Water weight
B.) Lean Body Weight
it is important when administering a drug that you don't administer too much just because the animal is overweight. it may cause adverse effects. (Therapeutic dosage range).
400
Your patient has a metabolic acidosis crisis (has a low pH). What drug would be better to give?
A.) Weak base
B.) Strong base
C.) Weak Acid
D.) Neutral
Weak Acid
Review drug ionization and reabsorption :)
500
Label the types of bacteria in each tube and describe it's response to Oxygen
500
What is the difference between bactericidal, bacteriostatic, and antiseptic?
Bactericidal- kills all (sterilization)
Bacteriostatic- prevents and stops growth
Antiseptic- disinfects living tissue
500
List the phases of bacterial growth
lag phase, log/exponential phase, stationary, decline
500
What species is deficient in glutathione conjugation?
A) Cats
B Pigs
C) Dogs
D) Guinea Pigs
D) guinea pigs
Cats are deficient in glucuronidation enzymes, pigs in sulfation, dogs in acetylation.
500
Describe Phase 1 vs Phase 2 reactions in the biotransformation of drugs
Refer to chart