Principles
Pavlov’s dogs demonstrated this type of learning.
lassical conditioning
This mnemonic ("DIG FAST") is used to remember the symptoms of a manic episode.
Distractibility, Indiscretion, Grandiosity, Flight of ideas, Activity, Sleep deficit, Talkativeness
The mnemonic “SIG E CAPS” helps remember criteria for diagnosing this disorder.
Major Depressive Disorder
This neurotransmitter’s dysregulation is central to both schizophrenia and movement disorders like Parkinson’s disease.
dopamine
Hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized speech are examples of these types of symptoms in schizophrenia.
positive symptoms
B.F. Skinner is most associated with this type of conditioning.
operant conditioning
Lithium is considered the “Kellogg’s Cornflakes” of this disorder’s treatment
Bipolar Disorder
Brexanolone (Zulresso), an IV formulation of allopregnanolone, was the first FDA-approved drug for this type of depression.
Postpartum (peripartum) depression
The neurotransmitter GABA primarily has this effect on the nervous system.
inhibitory
Flat affect, alogia, and avolition are examples of these symptoms.
negative symptoms
The “Premack Principle” says a more valued activity can do this to a less valued activity.
reinforce it
Giving antidepressants alone to a patient with bipolar disorder can worsen their condition by triggering this type of episode.
Mania
To be diagnosed with Persistent Depressive Disorder (formerly dysthymia), symptoms must last this long.
2 years or more
The mesolimbic dopamine pathway is associated with this type of reinforcement.
pleasure and reward
About 47% of patients with schizophrenia also have this common comorbidity.
substance use disorder
In operant conditioning, this term describes reinforcing closer and closer approximations of a desired behavior.
shaping
The mean age of onset for Bipolar I disorder is around this age.
18 years old
This emerging therapy uses psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy to improve synaptic plasticity in patients with MDD.
psychedelic-assisted therapy
The Mental Status Exam (MSE) assesses functioning in areas like mood, cognition, perception, and this aspect of awareness.
insight
Schizophrenia typically has its onset during this developmental stage
late adolescence to early adulthood
Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment demonstrated this type of learning.
observational learning
This bipolar subtype involves at least one hypomanic episode and one major depressive episode, but no full manic episodes.
Bipolar II Disorder
This depressive disorder occurs during the majority of menstrual cycles, with symptoms starting the week before menses and improving after menstruation begins.
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
This pathway, where dopamine tonically inhibits prolactin, originates in the hypothalamus.
tuberoinfundibular pathway
This diagnostic manual provides the official criteria for diagnosing schizophrenia.
DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition)