Second Messengers
The official name for a chemical signal.
Ligand
Intermediates produced by metabolism.
Metabolites
The suffix to let you know a molecule is a sugar.
-ose
Carbohydrate digestion starts here.
The mouth
These sugars entering the large intestine indicate abnormal carbohydrate digestion.
Disaccharides
This is the most common receptor to receive a signal and transduce it.
G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR)
These pathways break down complex molecules into a few simple molecules.
Catabolic pathways
The type of bond between monosaccharides.
Glycosidic Bond
What enzyme breaks down dietary carbohydrates in the mouth and intestine?
Amylase
Deficiency in these enzymes is the reason for sugar entering the large intestine.
Disaccharidases
The enzyme that converts ATP into cyclic AMP.
Adenylyl cyclase
These pathways build many complex molecules from simple building blocks.
Anabolic pathways
A sugar with 3-10 monosaccharides in composition.
Oligosaccharide
Amylase is this type of enzyme.
Glycosidase
The term for the clinical symptom of excess disaccharide in the large intestine.
Osmotic Diarrhea
The conversion of this molecule activates adenylyl cyclase.
GTP into GDP
The molecule all proteins, carbs, and fats are turned into.
Acetyl CoA
The enzyme that adds sugars onto something (like other sugars, or to proteins/lipids).
Glycosyltransferases
What receptor accepts simple sugars into cells?
Glucose transporters (GLUTs)
The typical recommendation when you are deficient in a disaccharidase like lactase or sucrase.
Avoid the sugar!
Phosphatases cleave this type of bond.
Ester bond
What are the two ways cells communicate intercellularly?
The asymmetric (anomeric) carbon allows a sugar to perform this role in a chemical reaction.
Reduction
This cell absorbs simple sugars.
Enterocyte
What can you measure to see if a patient has a disaccharidase deficiency.
Hydrogen gas