Security & Global Threats
This 1968 treaty divides states into nuclear-weapon states and non-nuclear-weapon states while also requiring nuclear powers to work toward disarmament.
What is the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty?
This commission’s 1987 report provided the definition of development centred on meeting present needs without compromising future generations.
What is the Brundtland Commission?
This form of terrorism is associated in the course with groups such as ISIS and Al-Qaeda.
What is religious terrorism?
This traditional conception of security places the survival of the state, territorial integrity and protection from external military threats at its centre.
What is traditional security?
Adopted at the 1992 Rio Earth Summit, this framework provided a broad action plan for sustainable development in the 21st century.
What is Agenda 21?
These weapons are defined in the course as capable of causing large-scale death and destruction and include nuclear, chemical, biological and radiological weapons.
What are Weapons of Mass Destruction?
Adopted at the UN Millennium Summit in 2000, this framework consisted of eight development goals with a target period ending in 2015.
What are the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)?
The course uses this Sri Lankan militant organisation as an example of terrorism based on an ethnic or national identity.
What is the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)?
This broader conception of security includes threats such as pandemics, migration, environmental disasters, cyberattacks and terrorism.
What is non-traditional security?
This 1992 UN framework established the basic international framework for addressing climate change and later provided the foundation for agreements such as Kyoto and Paris.
What is the UNFCCC?
This international organisation is identified in the course as a major global initiative against terrorist financing.
What is the Financial Action Task Force (FATF)?
This 1997 agreement introduced legally binding emission-reduction targets for developed countries as part of the international response to climate change.
What is the Kyoto Protocol?
In the course’s account of radicalisation, this stage involves the deep acceptance of an extremist ideology before the transition to violence.
What is indoctrination?
Signed in 1987, this U.S.–Soviet treaty eliminated an entire class of intermediate-range nuclear missiles.
What is the INF Treaty?
Signed in 1992 alongside the emerging climate regime, this convention focuses specifically on the conservation of biological diversity, its sustainable use, and related environmental cooperation.
What is the Convention on Biological Diversity?
The course identifies these four stages in the progression from initial exposure to extremist ideas to participation in violence.
What are pre-radicalization, self-identification, indoctrination and action?
Adopted in 2015, the Paris Agreement set the international goal of limiting the rise in global temperature to well below ---, while pursuing efforts to keep it to -----.
What is 2°C & What is 1.5°C.
The course identifies these factors, including social inequality, political oppression, marginalisation and identity crisis, as forces that can push individuals toward radicalisation.
What are push factors?
This series of U.S.–Russian arms-control agreements was designed to reduce strategic nuclear arsenals and included ----- I, ----- II and New -----.
What are the START treaties?
Unlike the Kyoto Protocol and Paris Agreement, this body does not set emission targets; its assessment reports provide the scientific basis for international climate action.
What is the IPCC?
This 1993 international treaty is listed in the course alongside the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention as part of global efforts to eliminate weapons of mass destruction.
What is the Chemical Weapons Convention?
This principle addresses disagreements between developed and developing countries by recognising that responsibility for environmental problems is shared but not identical.
What is common but differentiated responsibilities?
Unlike military action and surveillance, this approach to countering extremism relies on community engagement, education, rehabilitation and inclusive development.
What are soft approaches?
Signed in 1996, this treaty sought to prohibit all nuclear weapons tests but has not entered into force because it has not been universally ratified.
What is the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT)?
In the course’s proposed response to climate change, this principle calls for support to vulnerable nations through financial assistance and technology transfer.
What is climate justice?