SCOTUS
Established judicial review
Marbury v. Madison
representatives elected by each state, # depends on population size; advantageous for larger states
House of Representatives
tool for understanding demographic changes; Constitution requires one every 10 years
census
This 1776 document declared independence from Britain.
Declaration of Independence
What compromise created a bicameral legislature?
The Great Compromise.
Allows the president to prevent legislation from becoming law. Supermajority in both chambers can override.
Veto
What case limited Congress’s use of the Commerce Clause?
U.S. v. Lopez
2 representatives from each state; advantageous for smaller states
Senate
A representative who votes as constituents want follows which model?
Delegate
This essay by James Madison defended the separation of powers and checks and balances.
Federalist No. 51
What is it called when members trade votes to pass legislation
Logrolling
A bill fails to become law because the president does not sign it, but it cannot go back to Congress within 10 days because Congress is not in session.
Pocket Veto
This 1819 Supreme Court case established national supremacy and upheld the use of implied powers
McCulloch v. Maryland
drawing of congressional districts to favor one political party or group over another
gerrymandering
What is it called when members secure funds for districts?
Pork-barrel spending
Name one key structural weakness of the Articles of Confederation that directly influenced the design of the Constitution.
lack of taxing power, lack of executive, inability to regulate commerce, or lack of a national judiciary
Who approves presidential appointments?
Senate
The president has the authority to send troops into combat. If president sends troops for >60 days, congressional approval is needed.
Commander in Chief
"one person, one vote" precedent was set, meaning that districts had to have proportionate populations to be constitutional. It also set the precedent that the Supreme Court could rule on state redistricting cases.
Baker v. Carr (1961)
strategy unique to the Senate whereby opponents of a piece of legislation try to talk it to death, based on unlimited debate
filibuster
What model mixes delegate and trustee roles
Politico model.
This essay by James Madison argued that a large republic prevents the tyranny of factions.
Federalist No. 10
What is an agreement between the president and another country’s leader that doesn’t require Senate approval?
Executive agreement.
The president can order something into law without congressional approval.
Executive orders
state legislators cannot draw a district solely or primarily based on race.
Shaw v. Reno (1993)?
powers of the United States federal government that are explicitly listed and detailed in the U.S. Constitution, primarily in Article I, Section 8
enumerated powers
What Senate action ends a filibuster?
Cloture
Madison, Checks and Balances
Federalist #51
What case limited the president’s use of line-item vetoes?
Clinton v. City of New York.
It sets a limit on how many terms the president can serve.
22nd