Show:
Cranial Nerves
Spinal Pathways
Spinal Cord Anatomy
Reflex Arcs
Glial Cells/ Memory/ Sleep
100

You are asleep and awoken by a bright light, what cranial nerve is involved in this sensation?

2-Optic

100

The lateral tract of the Corticospinal pathway controls/innervates the (1) and the anterior tract innervates/controls the (2)

1: the limbs

2: the trunk

100

Where do we find a collection of cell bodies/synapses in the spinal cord?

gray matter

100

Name the only monosynaptic reflex

Stretch Reflex

100

Describe the difference between deep sleep and REM sleep. 

Deep sleep (slow wave sleep or NREM): Cerebral cortex activity minimal; HR, BP, respiratory rate, and energy use decline up to 30%

Rapid eye movement (REM): Less responsive to outside stimuli (inhibit muscles); Active dreaming occurs; Resume daytime like BP, HR, O2 consumption, respiratory rate, temp

200

List the 5th cranial nerve's function

Trigeminal:   Sensory: feelings on face/ in mouth.   Motor: mastication

200

List pathways sending sensory information to brain and pathways sending motor information to the skeletal muscles. 

1.) Spinothalamic, PCML, Spinocerebellar

2.) Corticospinal 

200

What is the name for a collection of sensory cell bodies?

DRG

200

Type of receptor for Flexor Withdraw and Crossed Extensor

Nociceptor

200

What are the 2 glial cells in the PNS and what are their functions?

Satellite: collect leaker K+ and NTs in PNS, surround cell bodies to create a barrier and protect DNA 

Schwann: myelinates axons

300

What cranial nerves have parasympathetic functions? What are those functions? (4)

3.) Oculomotor: pupil constriction 

7.) Facial: lacrimal glands, submandibular glads, sublingual glands, ect

9.) Glossopharyngeal: salivary function via parotid gland

10.) Vagus: activates visceral organs 


300

Draw and explain two pathways of your choice, the names of the neurons in series, where they synapse, and where they decussate. 

... 

300

Draw a spinal cord and label where somatic motor, somatic sensory, autonomic, and visceral sensory neurons synapse in the spinal cord?

...

300

What reflexes have reciprocal inhibition? Describe what RI is.

Flexor withdrawal, crossed extensor, and stretch

300

What are the 4 glial cells in the CNS and what are their functions?

Astrocytes: maintain BBB, oligodendrocytes: myelinate neurons in CNS, ependymal: line CNS areas and produce CSF, microglia: destroy pathogens

400

What are the cranial nerves involved in taste?

Vagus: parasympathetic NS (~90% of all parasympathetic fibers in whole body) and gag, taste buds + aorta (brains); Motor control of extensive visceral targets (lungs, liver, stomach, intestines)

Glossopharyngeal: Sensory fibers from carotid and taste buds; Motor somatic control of swallowing muscles; Parasympathetic fibers to parotid gland 

Facial: facial expressions and gag (tears, nasal, glands), taste (brother)

400

What pathway decussates in the brain stem? Name the specific part of brain stem.

PCML; medulla oblongata

400

Draw a spinal cord and label: three grey horns, three white columns, posterior median sulcus, anterior median fissure, ventral and dorsal roots, white and grey commisures, and central canal. 

...

400

Describe an example of the Golgi tendon reflex. Include its receptor, effector(s), receptor type, and if its reciprocal inhibition or activation.

1. Carrying a couch and needing to let go

2. Receptor: biceps; Effector: activating biceps and inhibiting triceps; Receptor type: mechanoreceptor;  Reciprocal activation

400

What do ependymal cells produce and where does it go?

Ependymal cells line cavities within the CNS and help produce CSF. CSF is found in the choroid plexuses, the central canal, the ventricles, the subarachnoid space, and arachnoid granulations.

500

List all cranial nerves in order and if they are motor, sensory, or both. 

  • CN I - Olfactory nerve: Sense of smell (sensory)
  • CN II - Optic nerve: Vision (sensory)
  • CN III - Oculomotor nerve: Eye movement (pupil and eyelid) (motor)
  • CN IV - Trochlear nerve: Downward/inward eye movement (motor)
  • CN V - Trigeminal nerve: Facial sensation and jaw movement (mastication) (both)
  • CN VI - Abducens nerve: Lateral eye movement (motor)
  • CN VII - Facial nerve: Facial expressions, taste (both)
  • CN VIII - Vestibulocochlear nerve: Hearing and balance (sensory)
  • CN IX - Glossopharyngeal nerve: Throat sensation and taste (both)
  • CN X - Vagus nerve: Parasympathetic control of heart, lungs, and digestion (both)
  • CN XI - Accessory nerve: Neck muscle movement (motor)
  • CN XII - Hypoglossal nerve: Tongue movement (motor)
500

List where each of the pathways decussate.

Spinothalamic: spinal cord

Spinocerebellar: NA

PCML: medulla oblongata 

Corticospinal: lateral: MO, anterior: spinal cord

500

What meninges surround the spinal cord? What meninges surround the dorsal and ventral roots?

1. Dura, arachnoid, pia

2. Dura and arachnoid

500

Give an example of an intersegmental reflex and an intrasegmental reflex and explain the difference between the two.

Intersegmental reflex: crossed extensor

Intrasegmental refelx: withdrawal

Inter- allow for more complex and stronger reflexes compared to intra-

500

Describe the 3 stages of memory and how long each lasts. 

  • Short-term memories/ working memory: seconds-minutes, contains 7-10 small bits of information

  • Intermediate-long term memories: days to weeks

  • Long-term memories: can last a lifetime