COVID-19 Epidemiology
The COVID Symptom Study App generated a "weighted prediction model". Which symptom was found to be a particularly strong predictor of COVID-19?
A. Fever
B. Fatigue
C. Anosmia (loss of smell/taste)
D. Diarrhea
E. Dry cough without fatigue
C. Anosmia (loss of smell/taste)
In Kivimaki et al. (2018), "job strain" refers to:
A. High job demands combined with low job control
B. Low effort and high reward
C. Working from home during a pandemic
D. High pay and low workload
E. Low pay combined with high social support
A. High job demands combined with low job control
Which set of guidelines did Holt-Lunstad (2022) apply to establish the likelihood of a causal link between social connection and health?
A. CDC TWH Guidelines
B. Bradford Hill Guidelines
C. Healthy People 2030
D. WHO HiAP Framework
E. Whitehall Study Criteria
B. Bradford Hill Guidelines
The Healthy Worker Survivor Effect is a structural bias in studies because:
A. Workers retire early
B. Employer favor healthy hires
C. Sick workers exit the workforce
D. Exposure builds immunity
E. Unions hide health data
C. Sick workers exit the workforce
Which answer best captures a limitation of Drew et al.’s (2020) app-based approach?
A. The app could not collect longitudinal data
B. Voluntary smartphone participation meant the sample was not necessarily representative of the whole population
C. The app was too slow to deploy during the pandemic
D. The app could only collect data from people with confirmed positive tests
E. The app did not ask participants about symptoms
B. Voluntary smartphone participation meant the sample was not necessarily representative of the whole population
In Kivimaki et al. (2018), approximately how many workers were included across the seven European cohort studies?
A. 3,441
B. 10,703
C. 52,100
D. 102,633
E. 1,423,753
D. 102,633
Holt-Lunstad (2022) explains that social connection includes which three major components?
A. Income, occupation, and education
B. Stress, burnout, and absenteeism
C. Diet, sleep, and exercise
D. Structure, function, and quality of relationships
E. Transportation, housing, and employment
D. Structure, function, and quality of relationships
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the US labor force was divided into those who could safely work from home, which represented roughly what percentage of the workforce?
A. 50%
B. 35%
C. 73.4%
D. 45%
E. 90%
A. 50%
What is the primary epidemiological advantage of the longitudinal data capture used in the COVID Symptom Study app?
A. Random population sampling
B. Elimination of IRB needs
C. Capturing within-person variation
D. Faster software updates
E. National health registry linkage
C. Capturing within-person variation
Why was the Kivimaki et al. (2018) finding about job strain particularly important from a prevention perspective?
A. Job strain was no longer associated with mortality after adjusting for lifestyle factors
B. Job strain was associated with mortality even among some men with cardiometabolic disease who otherwise had favorable risk profiles
C. Job strain was only important because it made workers less productive
D. Job strain was less important than every conventional risk factor examined
E. Job strain was associated with mortality only in people without preexisting disease
B. Job strain was associated with mortality even among some men with cardiometabolic disease who otherwise had favorable risk profiles
According to meta-analyses, the magnitude of the mortality risk associated with a lack of social connection is comparable to what other well-known risk factor?
A. Obesity
B. Smoking
C. Physical Inactivity
D. All of the above
E. None of the above
D. All of the above
Eisen et al. (2022) argue that occupational epidemiology has declined partly because:
A. Workplace hazards have mostly disappeared
B. There is no longer a need to study workers as a population
C. Occupational epidemiology was replaced by clinical medicine because it produced better workplace data
D. COVID-19 showed that work has no relationship to health inequality
E. Reduced research support and limited access to workplace data made occupational studies harder to conduct
E. Reduced research support and limited access to workplace data made occupational studies harder to conduct
Drew et al. (2020) showed that app-based symptom tracking could:
A. Estimate emerging COVID-19 hotspots before confirmed case counts fully reflected them
B. Confirm individual COVID-19 diagnoses without laboratory testing
C. Eliminate sampling bias by recruiting only smartphone users
D. Replace public health surveillance systems with self-report data
E. Distinguish asymptomatic from presymptomatic infection with certainty
A. Estimate emerging COVID-19 hotspots before confirmed case counts fully reflected them
Tenney et al. (2023) argue that public health practice can strengthen OHP by helping the field move beyond:
A. Organizational interventions and worker participation
B. The study of workplace stress and employee well-being
C. Research on psychosocial work conditions
D. Collaboration between employers and occupational health researchers
E. Individual workplaces toward broader prevention and population-level impact
E. Individual workplaces toward broader prevention and population-level impact
Holt-Lunstad (2022) critiques current public health systems because social connection is:
A. Often underrecognized despite evidence linking it to morbidity, mortality, and biological pathways
B. Adequately measured but not linked to any health outcomes
C. Overrepresented in national health surveys and public health objectives
D. Too simple to require a public health framework
E. Relevant only to infectious disease prevention
A. Often underrecognized despite evidence linking it to morbidity, mortality, and biological pathways
In Drew et al. (2020), only about what percentage of symptomatic app users initially reported receiving a COVID-19 test?
A. 0.4%
B. 2.8%
C. 5.7%
D. 13.9%
E. 20%
A. 0.4%