Nutrition & Metabolism
____ enables animals to save energy while avoiding difficult and dangerous conditions
Torpor
Is digestion in the stomach extracellular or intracellular?
extracellular
Liver – secretes ____ to emulsify fats, aiding in their digestion and absorption
bile
What are the purpose(s) of the gallbladder?
High blood sugar levels lead to increased secretion of what? And from where?
increased insulin
Name an example of a Substrate Feeder
earthworm, caterpillar, etc.
Name one organism that uses a gastrovascular cavity for extracellular digestion and name one that uses an alimentary canal for extracellular digestion.
Gastrovascular cavity
ex: cnidarians and flatworms
Alimentary canal (complete digestive tract)
ex: earthworms, insects, birds, humans
The source of trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen is the
pancreas
Low blood sugar levels lead to increased secretion of what? And from where?
increased glucagon
Explain the difference between malnutrition and undernutrition
malnutrition = failure to obtain adequate nutrition
Undernutrition results when a diet does not provide enough chemical energy
Which of these animals relies exclusively on intracellular digestion?
bird
mammal
annelid
sponge
crustacean
sponge
What are the three sections of the small intestine? Which two are responsible for absorption?
Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
jejunum and ileum
Which hormone triggers feelings of hunger? Where is it secreted from?
ghrelin – secreted from stomach wall
____ Metabolic Rate (_MR) = used for endotherms at rest at a “comfortable” temperature
______ Metabolic Rate (_MR) = used for ectotherms at rest at a specific temperature
Basal
Standard
Where the chyme mixes with digestive juices from the pancreas, liver, gallbladder, and intestinal gland cells
duodonum
____ cells release HCl into the lumen of the stomach
parietal cell
Name the three hormones that suppress appetite. Where is each secreted from?
insulin - secreted from pancreas
leptin - secreted from adipose tissue
PYY - secreted from small intestine
Name the Essential Nutrients
What makes them "essential"?
Amino Acids
Fatty Acids
Vitamins
Minerals
They cannot be synthesized by the organism
This structure is an important site for the fermentation of ingested material, especially for animals that eat large amounts of plant material.
cecum
____ cells release pepsinogen into the lumen of the stomach
What hormone stimulates pepsinogen and HCl release?
chief cells
gastrin - What causes gastrin release?
What are the two hormones that the duodenum secretes?
What does each do?
CCK and secretin