Circulatory and Respiratory System
Describe the cause of the formation of an aneurysm
Weakened artery wall, which allows blood flow to push the tissue outwards, creating a balloon-like bulge
Name the two types of nonmelanoma skin cancer.
Basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma
What is the main method of diagnosis for acute appendicitis?
BONUS ½ POINTS: What is the specific physical examination called?
Physical examination; Examination/palpitation of McBurney’s Point
What neurotransmitter is deficient in Parkinson’s disease?
Dopamine
Which type of diabetes mellitus occurs due to inadequate secretion of diabetes?
Type 1 diabetes
Name at least 3 types of Arrhythmia
Tachycardia sinusal, atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, sinus brachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, av block
Name at least three factors contributing to the development of osteoporosis
Hormones (lack of estrogen/testosterone for males), diet, smoking, alcohol, history of radiation treatments
What’s the main difference between GERD and Acid Reflux?
Acid reflux is the temporary, acute backflow of stomach acid into the esophagus, whereas GERD is the chronic, long-lasting condition where reflux occurs frequently
What inheritance pattern does Huntington’s disease follow?
Autosomal dominant
What is the main treatment for Hashimoto’s disease?
Lifelong thyroid hormone replacement therapy
Describe the difference between pneumothorax and hemothorax
Pneumothorax - Accumulation of gas in the pleural cavity
Hemothorax - Accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity
A patient arrives in the ER with burns on their right arm and entire back. What percentage of their body has been burned?
27%
Hepatitis B is transmitted through what means?
Blood, bodily fluids, mother-to-child
What treatment should be used in the early stages of Bell’s palsy?
Application of heat to the affected area
What is the main difference between acromegaly and gigantism?
In gigantism, the excess GH occurs before puberty and the closing of the epiphyseal plates, but in acromegaly it occurs after
Recently, Darwin has noticed that whenever he exercises or exerts his body, he’s been having shortness of breath, as well as frequent coughing. Following an auscultation performed by his doctor, a faint “wooshing” sound was heard. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Mitral Stenosis
Following a camping trip, Safia has noticed that she feels more tired, that her knees ache, and that she has an itchy rash. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Lyme disease
Recently, Darwin has been experiencing abdominal pain, frequent nausea and vomiting, as well as weight loss. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Crohn’s Disease
Agrin has been diagnosed with epilepsy. What is the cause of this disorder?
Idiopathic, but seizures are caused by sudden, frequent electrical activity in the brain
Charles has recently noticed that his skin is unusually bronze and he cannot retain salt and water. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Addison’s disease
What signs and symptoms are most indicative of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
Decreased platelets, prolonged PT and aPTT, decreased fibrinogen and increased/elevated D-dimer
What type of fracture involves having a bone splintered or broken into many pieces?
A comminuted fracture
In rare and life-threatening cases, pseudomembranous enterocolitis can lead to a dilated, non-motile colon known as what?
Toxic megacolon
In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, what are small local involuntary muscular contractions called?
Fasciculations
Which excess mineral causes the symptoms of hyperparathyroidism?
Calcium (hypercalcemia)