Hypertension
Blood flow through the arteries is regulated by these 3 things
What is volume, pressure and resistance?
A non-invasive test to diagnose PAD that measures ankle systolic pressure and compares it to brachial systolic pressure.
What is an Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI)?
What is hemostasis?
One of the oldest medications known, derived from willow tree bark that suppresses platelet aggregation.
What is aspirin?
This modifiable risk factor greatly contributes to endothelial damage, which is a risk factor for all types of peripheral vascular disease, and can also cause resp. related cancers
What is smoking?
This name refers to the asymptomatic nature of the potentially fatal cardiovascular disease
Substances that have a single, unpaired electron that can bind to the cell membrane and cause endothelial damage
Bonus: Name 2 examples
What are free radicals?
Examples: UV light, radiation, smoking, pollution
The two main components of a blood clot
What are platelets and fibrin?
A treatment for hypertension that interrupts the RAAS cycle by blocking the binding of angiotensin II to its receptors in the blood vessels, which leads to vasodilation
Bonus - identify the drug class, and prototype drug
What is an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB)
Losartan
This modifiable risk factor is related to consuming a high amount of processed and fast foods in the diet
What is a diet high in sodium?
BP of > 180/120 with signs of organ damage
What is a hypertensive emergency?
The type of pain in PAD caused by lack of oxygen to the tissues.
What is intermittent claudication?
A blood test that measures this protein fragment made by the body when a clot dissolves
What is a D-dimer test?
A vitamin K antagonist with a narrow therapeutic index that requires periodic labs to monitor efficacy and safety
What is warfarin?
This modifiable risk factor relates to little activity and movement in a person's life
What is a sedentary lifestyle?
This BP regulatory mechanism is designed to correct short term imbalances with position changes or exercise
What are baroreceptors and the SNS?
Often diminished or absent in the lower extremities of a patient with PAD
What are dorsalis pedis or posterior tibial (pulses)?
What is a pulmonary embolism?
This medication reduces blood pressure by inhibiting the SNS and blocking specific adrenergic receptors
What is a beta blocker?
(Could also be an alpha blocker, which exist, but were not included in this week's content)
This unmodifiable risk factor is due to DNA variations in how individuals regulate sodium, balance fluid and respond to medications
What is a genetic polymorphism?
The condition due to prolonged elevation of systemic BP, which causes an increased pressure in the aorta, and places an excessive workload on the left ventricle
What is left ventricular hypertrophy?
The most common cause of Peripheral Artery Disease
What is athersclerosis?
The 3 issues present (hypercoagulability of the blood, alteration in blood flow that leads to stasis, and vessel wall injury or endothelial damage) in order for a thrombus to form, are referred to as this.
What is Virchow's triad?
This medication relaxes the muscles in the walls of the arteries and provides fast acting blood pressure reduction.
bonus: Name drug class and drug
What is hydralazine?
Class: Direct-acting vasodilator
This non-modifiable risk factor is unable to be changed, and will increase the likelihood of eventual endothelial damage which could lead to PVD
What is age?