Medicalization
This term describes the process by which nonmedical problems become defined and treated as medical problems.
What is medicalization?
Parsons was probably the first to conceptualize medicine as an institution of this broader sociological concept.
What is social control?
BDSM stands for bondage and discipline, dominance and submission, and these two words.
What is sadism and masochism?
Moynihan's 2003 BMJ article argues that female sexual dysfunction was being constructed at meetings heavily sponsored by these.
What are pharmaceutical companies?
This sociologist wrote the foundational 1992 Annual Review article on medicalization and social control.
Who is Peter Conrad?
Conrad identifies three levels at which medicalization can occur: conceptual, interactional, and this level.
What is the institutional level?
Conrad identifies four types of medical social control: ideology, collaboration, technology, and this fourth type drawing on Foucault.
What is medical surveillance?
Weinberg et al. (1984) identified five social constituents of SM. Consent, role playing, sexual context, mutual definition, and this fifth feature.
What is dominance and submission?
This widely cited statistic claiming 43% of women have sexual dysfunction was derived from a 1992 survey reanalysis published in this journal.
What is JAMA?
This German physician coined the terms sadism and masochism in his 1886 work Psychopathia Sexualis.
Who is Richard von Krafft-Ebing?
The removal of homosexuality from the DSM in 1973 is the classic example of this reverse process.
What is demedicalization?
This sociologist argued that medicine has 'nudged aside' religion as our dominant moral ideology.
Who is Zola?
This consent model, an alternative to 'Safe, Sane, and Consensual,' emphasizes individual risk awareness.
What is RACK (Risk-Aware Consensual Kink)?
Researcher Leonore Tiefer argued the medical model is limited for sexuality because it ignores everything except this.
What is genital function?
This French philosopher's concepts of the 'medical gaze' and surveillance are cited by Conrad as a fourth form of medical social control.
Who is Foucault?
Conrad distinguishes medicalization from this related concept, where lifestyle and behavior (not medical conditions) become the focus of moral concern.
What is healthicization?
These workplace programs, often cited as a form of medical collaboration and corporate social control, are abbreviated as this.
What are EAPs (Employee Assistance Programs)?
Simula (2019) identifies three non-sexual meanings participants give to BDSM: leisure, spiritual/transcendent, and this third meaning.
What is therapeutic or healing?
Tiefer and colleagues proposed a women-centered alternative definition of sexual problems with four categories of causes, including sociocultural, psychological, relational, and this fourth.
What is medical (causes)?
Simula's 2019 literature review on BDSM was published in this interdisciplinary journal covering sociology broadly.
What is Sociology Compass?
This childhood behavioral condition is cited by Conrad as a key case study in the medicalization of deviance, originally called hyperkinesis.
What is ADHD / attention deficit disorder?
This concept from Parsons describes how illness can conditionally legitimize deviance under medical authority.
What is the sick role?
Weinberg et al. critique the traditional model of sadomasochism for being overgeneralized, atomistic, and guilty of this philosophical error that turns doing into being.
What is essentialism?
This Boston University urologist was a key figure building the medical specialty of 'sexual medicine' and regularly cited the contested 43% prevalence figure.
Who is Irwin Goldstein?
This sociologist argued that medicine has replaced religion as the dominant moral ideology, describing the process as part of Weber's rationalization of society.
Who is Turner?