Medicalization Basics
This term describes the process by which nonmedical problems become defined and treated as medical problems.
Medicalization
Parsons was likely the first to conceptualize medicine as an institution of social control through this concept, which conditionally legitimates illness as deviance.
The sick role
BDSM stands for this full phrase.
Bondage and Discipline, Dominance and Submission, Sadomasochism
Moynihan argues that the 'making' of female sexual dysfunction was heavily shaped by meetings sponsored by these organizations.
Pharmaceutical/drug companies
Conrad notes that many conditions have been transformed from 'sin' to 'crime' to this, reflecting a broader process of secularization.
Sickness (medicalization)
According to Conrad, medicalization can occur on three levels. Name one of them.
Conceptual, institutional, or interactional level
Conrad identifies four types of medical social control. Name one.
Medical ideology, collaboration, technology, or surveillance
Weinberg et al. identified five social features that constitute sadomasochism. Name two of them.
Any two of: dominance and submission, role playing, consensuality, a sexual context, mutual definition
A widely cited 1999 JAMA article claimed that this percentage of women aged 18–59 had 'sexual dysfunction.'
43%
This sociologist (1972) famously described medicine as having 'nudged aside' religion as the dominant moral ideology and social control institution.
Zola
Conrad distinguishes medicalization from this related concept, where behavioral causes and interventions are proposed for previously biomedical conditions like heart disease.
Healthicization
This form of medical social control, drawing on Foucault, involves certain conditions being perceived through a 'medical gaze.'
Medical surveillance
This consent model used by BDSM participants emphasizes being informed of potential risks and deciding one's own acceptable level of risk, rather than labeling activities as blanketly safe or unsafe.
Risk-Aware Consensual Kink (RACK)
Critic Dr. John Bancroft argued that inhibition of sexual desire is in many situations this kind of response for women facing stress or threatening partner behavior.
A healthy and functional response
Simula notes that the earliest scholarship on BDSM (then called 'sadomasochism') was conducted by founding sexologists using this type of study that sought 'cures.'
Clinical case studies
This classic example of demedicalization occurred in 1973 when the American Psychiatric Association voted to remove it from the DSM.
Homosexuality
Conrad argues that 'the greatest social control power comes from' this.
Having the authority to define certain behaviors, persons and things
According to Simula, BDSM studies reached a consensus around three points. One is that BDSM is consensual and distinct from abuse. Name one of the other two.
BDSM participation is not indicative of pathology; OR BDSM is a complex social phenomenon deserving serious study
Dr. Leonore Tiefer argued the medical model is limited for sexuality because of its focus on disease rather than people, biological reductionism, and this philosophical problem.
Mind-body split (and reliance on norms)
The term sadomasochism was coined by this 19th-century German physician in his work Psychopathia Sexualis.
Richard von Krafft-Ebing
Conrad argues that the 'key' to medicalization is this — not the involvement of physicians or treatments per se.
defining a problem in medical terms
In Pastor's (1978) study comparing responses to public drunkenness, what percentage of medical rescue unit contacts ended up officially processed, compared to only 14% of police contacts?
77%
Weinberg et al. critique the traditional model of sadomasochism for being overgeneralized, essentialistic, and this third flaw, which ignores the SM subculture and shared meanings.
Atomistic (atomism)
According to Moynihan, what was the major risk of having the definition of female sexual dysfunction produced by industry-sponsored research?
Complex social, personal, and physical causes of sexual difficulties would be swept away in a rush to diagnose, label, and prescribe / ever-narrowing definitions of 'normal'
Conrad argues that medicalization researchers are more interested in the 'etiology of definitions' than this, which is why they are sometimes falsely accused of proposing a social model to replace the medical model.
The etiology of the behavior or condition itself