Muscle & Movement
What is the difference between cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle?
Cardiac = heart, involuntary, striated; Skeletal = voluntary, striated; Smooth = involuntary, non-striated
What is the pathway of blood through the heart, starting from the body and ending back at the body?
Body → Right atrium → Right ventricle → Pulmonary arteries → Lungs → Pulmonary veins → Left atrium → Left ventricle → Aorta → Back to body
What is the main purpose of the immune system?
To protect the body from pathogens like viruses, bacteria, and other harmful invaders.
Which endocrine gland is located at the base of the brain and often called the "master gland"?
Pituitary gland
Name the four major types of animal tissue
Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
what happens during muscle fiber relaxation?
Calcium ions are pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, tropomyosin blocks binding sites on actin, and the muscle relaxes.
Name the four chambers of the human heart
Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle
Which specific immune cells are responsible for making antibodies?
B cells Or Plasma Cells
Which hormone lowers blood glucose levels, and which one raises it?
Insulin lowers it; glucagon raises it
Which tissue type is responsible for movement in the body?
Muscle tissue
Which ion is essential for muscle contraction by binding to troponin?
Calcium ions (Ca²⁺)
Which blood vessels carry oxygenated blood away from the heart?
Arteries
Which blood cell is response for fighting infections?
White Blood Cells
Which gland produces insulin?
Pancreas
Which type of muscle tissue is under voluntary control?
Skeletal muscle
What neurotransmitter is released at the synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber?
Acetylcholine (ACh)
What is the function of heart valves, and name two of them
Prevent backflow of blood between heart chambers.
What is the job of red blood cells?
Carry oxygen
How does the hormone epinephrine affect the cardiovascular system during stress?
Increases heart rate, blood pressure, and redirects blood flow to muscles (fight or flight response).
Which connective tissue stores fat?
Adipose tissue
Which protein blocks the binding sites on actin when a muscle is at rest?
Tropomyosin
What is the difference between pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation
Pulmonary circulation: Carries blood between the heart and lungs for oxygenation.
Systemic circulation: Carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
Name one example of a pathogen
Bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites
Which endocrine gland controls the sleep-wake cycle by releasing melatonin?
Pineal gland
Which epithelial tissue type is specialized for absorption and lines the small intestine?
Simple columnar epithelium