Histology
Biochem
Anatomy
Patient Case
OMM
100
This 8–10 nm non-membranous cytoskeletal element exhibits dynamic instability, forms the "railroad tracks" for intracellular transport via dynein and kinesin, and serves as the structural core of cilia and flagella.
What are microtubules?
100
This 6-carbon sugar intermediate is converted to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate by PFK-1, which is the key rate-limited enzyme of glycolysis.
What is fructose-6-phosphate?
100
Name the three muscular borders and two major contents of the suboccipital triangle.
What are the...
Borders:
- Superomedial: Rectus capitis posterior major
- Superolateral: Obliquus Capitis Superior
- Inferolateral: Obliquus Capitis Inferior
Contents:
- Vertebral a.
- Suboccipital n.
100
In the SOAP note, this section contains information the patient tells you, including their symptoms, history, and concerns.
What is Subjective?
100
This plane divides the body into right and left portions and is the plane in which flexion and extension occur.
What is the sagittal plane?
200
Located immediately beneath the zonula occludens, this cell-to-cell anchoring junction uses cadherins to bind neighboring cells together and links intracellularly to the actin filament network.
What is zonula adherens (adherens junction)?
200
Because red blood cells lack these organelles, they must rely entirely on anaerobic glycolysis for energy production, which uses lactate dehydrogenase to regenerate this essential coenzyme. (Need two answers)
What are mitochondria and NAD+?
200
This structure is the tapered inferior end of the spinal cord and typically ends around the L1–L2 vertebral level in adults.
What is the conus medullaris?
200
These three components must remain in balance, or homeostasis, to achieve functional health according to the PHWC Osteopathic Approach to Patient Care Model.
What are mind, biochemistry, and structure?
200
During the standing structural exam, this bony landmark can be found by locating the iliac crest and dropping the thumbs toward the waistband.
What is the posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS)?
300
Unlike simple diffusion through open aquaporin pores, transport via carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion (such as glucose via GLUT1) exhibits this key kinetic property due to a fixed number of available binding sites.
What is saturability/Vmax?
300
A 45 year-old patient with malnutrition presents to the ED. He has diarrhea and memory loss. The disrupted metabolic enzyme affecting him uses five cofactors. What is the enzyme?
(Bonus 100 points if you name all 5 cofactors)
What is α-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase?
What is thiamin, lipoic acid, CoA, FAD+, NAD+?
300
Name the origin, insertion, nerve supply, and function of the Levator Scapulae
What is...
Origin: Posterior tubercules of transverse processes of C1-C4 vertebrae
Insertion: Medial border of scapula superior to root of spine
Nerve Supply: Dorsal scapular (C5), and cervical (C3-4) spinal nerves
Function: Elevates scapula and rotates inferiorly
300
A skilled patient interview generally begins with this type of question, allowing patients to tell their story in their own words, before progressing to more focused questions.
What are open-ended questions?
300
Positional asymmetry, restricted motion, tissue texture abnormalities, and tenderness—remembered as TART—are the four characteristic findings of this condition.
What is somatic dysfunction?
400
This H&E section reveals abundant extracellular matrix with thick, wavy bundles of collagen fibers running in random, multiple directions with relatively few interspersed cells, typically found in the dermis. What type of connective tissue is this?
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
400
A 24-year-old marathon runner is sprinting toward the finish line. As her leg muscles rapidly burn through energy, levels of ADP spike inside her muscle cells to signal that more ATP is urgently needed.
Which rate-limiting enzyme of the citric acid cycle will be directly activated by this high concentration of ADP to speed up energy production?
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
400
During this physiological state, the endocrine system shifts from catabolic to anabolic activity, cortisol is initially suppressed to support repair and immune function, epinephrine and norepinephrine decrease to lower heart rate and blood pressure, and aldosterone increases to promote sodium and water retention.
What is sleep?
400
A patient tells you they have been experiencing headaches for three days. You measure their blood pressure at 165/95 and conclude that hypertension may be contributing to their symptoms. In SOAP documentation, these three pieces of information belong to these respective categories.
What are Subjective, Objective, and Assessment?
- Headache reported by patient → Subjective
- BP 165/95 → Objective
- Hypertension may be contributing → Assessment
400
During gait, this phase accounts for approximately 60% of the gait cycle and ends when the foot leaves the ground to begin swinging forward.
What is the stance phase?
500
In the TEM image, is it depicting microvilli, cilia, or stereocilia on the apical surface?
What is cilia?
500
An infant presents recurrent episodes of fasting hypoglycemia, and lactic acidosis. Biochemical testing reveals a genetic loss-of-function mutation in the key rate-limiting enzyme of gluconeogenesis that bypasses the irreversible reaction catalyzed by PFK-1 in glycolysis. Which enzyme is defective in this child?
What is fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase?
500
A sympathetic nerve fiber destined for a sweat gland in the body wall leaves the spinal cord through the ventral root and enters the sympathetic trunk through this structure before synapsing in a paravertebral ganglion
What is the white ramus communicans?
500
This philosophy of medicine views the body as a functional unit with self-regulatory and self-healing mechanisms, recognizes that structure and function are interrelated, and bases rational treatment on these principles.
What is Osteopathic Medicine?
500
A patient presents with chronic low back discomfort. Screening reveals postural asymmetry in the thoracic, lumbar, and pelvic regions. Motion testing shows mild restriction in the thoracic and pelvic regions but marked resistance to motion in the lumbar region. To most efficiently locate the key somatic dysfunction, the physician should perform a detailed, layer-by-layer palpatory examination of this region first.
What is the lumbar region, because it demonstrates the greatest motion loss?