Reformation
Who wrote the 95 Theses and is considered the spark that started the Protestant Reformation?
Martin Luther
This was the economic system Spain used that allowed it to take gold and goods from colonies but did not build strong two-way trade, leading to long-term failure.
Mercantilism
He believed people needed a strong government to keep order because life without it would be “nasty, brutish, and short.”
Thomas Hobbes
List at least 3 causes of the French Revolution
- Absolute Monarchy
- Failing Economy
- Food Shortages
- Failing Estates System
Please explain the 4 causes of WWI in detail.
What was the spark that led to the war?
Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, and Nationalism
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
This belief, promoted by John Calvin, taught that God has already chosen who will be saved.
Predestination
He led the Parliament’s army during the English Civil War and later ruled England as Lord Protector.
Oliver Cromwell
He believed people have natural rights to life, liberty, and property, and governments must protect these rights.
John Locke
This 1789 event involved the Third Estate promising not to disband until they created a new constitution for France.
Tennis Court Oath
What new weapons were introduced during WWI that led to mass casualties?
- Machine guns
- Tanks
- Poison gas
- Airplanes
- Submarine Warfare
This act made King Henry VIII Head of the Church in England after the Pope refused to grant him a divorce.
Act of Supremacy
This event removed King James II from power and brought in William and Mary, establishing a constitutional monarchy in England
Glorious Revolution
Explain how Copernicus’s model of the solar system differed from Kepler’s.
Copernicus said planets moved in perfect circles around the sun
Kepler showed they move in elliptical (oval) orbits
List at least 3 negative effects of the Industrial Revolution
- Poor working conditions
- Child labor, pollution
- Overcrowded cities caused by rapid industrial growth
What are the rules Germany had to follow in the Treaty of Versailles which officially ended WWI?
Germany had to accept blame
Pay reparations
Reduce its military
Give up territory
This major meeting of Catholic leaders was held to respond to the Reformation and reform the Church.
Council of Trent
Why did Louis XIV of France refer to himself as the "Sun King"?
He believed all power in France revolved around him, just like everything revolves around the sun.
He wrote about the separation of powers in government to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful.
Montesquieu
During this period, led by Robespierre, thousands were executed by guillotine to eliminate enemies of the revolution
Reign of Terror
This surprise attack by Japan in 1941 led directly to the United States declaring war and joining WWII.
Pearl Harbor
What was the Edict of Nantes and what was its impact on the Huguenots?
Gave religious freedom to Huguenots (French Protestants)
Helped end religious wars in France
Name at least three ways Peter the Great tried to modernize or westernize Russia during his reign.
- Introducing Western clothing and customs
- Building a strong navy
- Reforming the government and military
- Moving the capital to St. Petersburg for a warm water port
Galileo challenged the Church’s support of this view, which said the Earth was the center of the universe.
Geocentric theory
This movement, involving the consolidation of small farms into larger ones, helped increase agricultural productivity but also forced many peasants to move to cities.
Enclosure Movement
Governments used this tool during both World Wars to influence public opinion, encourage enlistment, and promote support for the war effort—often through posters, films, and speeches.
Propaganda