d a t e s
Who were Justinian and Theodora?
Sixth century emperor/empress of the Eastern Roman Empire - waged wars to reunite the empire
Define martyr
Greek for "witness;" the term for someone who dies for their religious beliefs
Who was Alexius I?
The Byzantine emperor who requested aid/troops from pope Urban to fight invading Turks
Who was Urban II?
The pope responsible for calling the first crusade
Sack of Rome
410
Who was Charlemagne?
Carolingian king whose conquests expanded the Frankish kingdom; crowed emperor by the pope
Define orthodoxy & heresy
Orthodoxy = true doctrine/teaching; Christian beliefs defined by Bishops' councils in the early church
Heresy = false doctrine/teaching; specifically, beliefs banned by Bishops' councils in the early church
Who were the Vikings?
Diverse groups of navigators, merchants, and/or pirates from Scandinavia. They explored the North Atlantic and raided/settled further south in Europe during the 8th-10th centuries.
What was a fief?
land grants that lords would give to their noble dependents; given for (military) service either done or expected
Fall of the city of Rome
476
Name the Flavian Emperors in order
Vespasian, Titus, Domitian
Who was Augustine?
Fifth century North African bishop whose writings defined orthodoxy, making him the most influential theologian in Western civilization
What was a guild?
a trade organization within a city/town that controlled product quality and cost, outlined member responsibilities, and served at social/religious associations.
What is feudalism?
a word used to describe hierarchy and the system of social obligation practiced in some places/times during the middle ages: lords > lesser nobles/knights > serfs/peasants
Crowning of Charlemagne
December 25, 800
Name the Julio-Claudian emperors in order
Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero
What is the Nicene Creed?
Doctrines agreed upon by Constantine's council of bishops at Nicaea in 325; clarified the nature of the trinity (Father/Son of one substance) against Arianism
What was hijra?
the emigration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina - it marks the first year in the Islamic calendar (622).
What is a crusade? and what were the three outcomes of the First Crusade?
An armed pilgrimage. Massacre of Jews in the Rhineland, Sack of Jerusalem, and the Crusader States
First Crusade
1096-1099
Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius
Who were the Visigoths?
'barbarian' groups united by Alaric who led a military campaign against the Western Roman Empire; sacked Rome in 410
What are the five pillars of Islam?
zakat/alms, fast of Ramadan, hajj/pilgrimage to Mecca, salat/formal worship, Shahadah/profession of faith
What does medieval mean?
A broad, generic term to describe the period between the fall of Rome and the Renaissance, c. 500-1500.
Originally not a flattering term, the Medieval Period was actually a time of creativity, scholarship, innovation, multiethnicity, and localism.