dates
1492
Henry VIII
16th century king of England; started the English Reformation, broke with Catholicism, and began Church of England; famously had six wives
Heliocentrism
the view articulated by Polish clergyman Nicholas Copernicus that the earth and planets revolve around the sun
Martin Luther
German monk who started the Protestant Reformation by challenging Catholic thought and doctrine, advocating for salvation by faith alone
Black Death
aka Bubonic Plague; pandemic that swept through Europe in the mid-14th century, decimating the population and making way for massive social change
Luther's 95 Theses
1517
Louis XIV
King of France; called the 'Sun King;' absolutist monarch of the 17th century
Constitutionalism v. Absolutism
C: system of government in which monarchs share power with elected Parliaments
A: system of government in which the ruler claims sole and uncontested power
Christopher Columbus
Italian sailor, funded by Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, who opened the 'New World' to Europe by sailing across the Atlantic in search of a trade route to Asia
Scientific method
A combination of experimental observation and mathematical deduction which led to Newton's discoveries regarding the Scientific Laws.
The Black Death
1347-1352
Elizabeth I
Established a ‘middle way,’ offering a compromise between radical Protestants & Catholics, defeated the Spanish Armada, never married; succeeded by James I, first Stuart King
Humanism
literary and linguistic movement cultivated in the Renaissance - revived classical Greco-Roman texts, styles, values
Hernan Cortes
Spanish conquistador whose expedition caused the fall of the Aztec Empire in present day Mexico
Printing Press
Movable type invented in Europe by Johannes Gutenberg in the 1440s, which paved the way for greater literacy and wider access to knowledge
Execution of Charles I
1649
Charles I
17th century king of England; caused English Civil wars through his absolutism, abuse of Parliament, and Catholic sympathies; lost the wars and was beheaded
Christian Humanism
the intellectual trend in sixteenth century that combined love of classical learning (Renaissance humanism) with Christian piety
Oliver Cromwell
Leader of Parliament's New Model Army during the English Civil War; Lord Protector after the execution of Charles I
Name Henry VIII's wives in order
Catherine of Aragon (divorced; daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella; mother of Mary I)
Anne Boleyn (beheaded; mother of Elizabeth I)
Jane Seymour (died from childbirth; mother of Edward VI)
Anna of Cleves (annulled)
Catherine Howard (beheaded)
Catherine Parr (survived)
Henry VIII breaks with Rome
1534
Charles V
Holy Roman Emperor and most powerful ruler in 16th century Europe; opposed to Luther and Henry VIII's reformations
Mercantilism
the economic doctrine that governments must intervene to increase national wealth by whatever means possible
Francis Petrarch
Italian poet who revived the styles of classical authors; considered the first Renaissance humanist
Motivation for Reformation