Protestant Reformation
Where and when did the Reformation start?
1517 in Wittenberg, Germany
What is geocentric VS. heliocentric?
Geocentric = earth is the center of the solar system
Heliocentric = sun is the center of the solar system
Why did Europeans begin to explore?
God, glory, gold
Who was Martin Luther?
German theologian and religious reformer who initiated the Reformation.
Who was Henry the Navigator?
Portuguese explorer credited with laying the groundwork for the Age of Exploration
What is iconoclasm?
The destruction of religious images/icons
What were the causes of the of the Scientific Revolution?
What was a positive effect of the Colombian Exchange?
Introduction of new crops and animals (food revolution)
What were the contributions of Isaac Newton?
3 laws of motion, law of universal gravitation, calculus, reflecting telescope
Who was Vasco de Gama?
Became first explorer to reach India by sailing around Africa.
What were the causes of the Reformation?
dissatisfaction with the Catholic Church, specifically the selling of indulgences, printing press
What is empiricism?
Theory that all knowledge is derived from sense-experience
How did the Treaty of Tordesillas impact the New World?
By dividing it into Spanish and Portuguese spheres of influence paving the way for colonization.
What were the contributions of Kepler?
3 laws of planetary motion describing elliptical paths of planets around the sun.
Who was Hernando Cortez?
Spanish conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire
What were the consequences of the Reformation in Europe?
30 years war, counter reformation
Where did scientific knowledge come from prior to the reformation?
ancient Greek and Roman texts and teachings of the Catholic Church.
What was the Requerimiento?
a legal and religious document, essentially a declaration outlining Spain's divine right to conquer and claim new territories, and was used as a justification for the Spanish conquest and colonization of the Americas
What were the contributions of Andreas Vesalius?
revolutionized study of human anatomy, considered, 'Father of anatomy'
Who was Magellan?
First to circumnavigate the globe and prove the earth was round, died on his journey.
What happened at the Council of Trent?
Gathering of Church officials, in Trent, to discuss the Catholic belief system
Who proposed the heliocentric model of the solar system?
Nicholas Copernicus
What was the Middle Passage?
forced transatlantic journey of enslaved Africans to the Americas, a crucial part of the Triangular Trade system
What were the contributions of Galileo?
He improved the telescope, made astronomical discoveries, physic discoveries, and had inventions like the geometric compass and the pendulum clock.
Who was Francisco Pizzaro?
Spanish explorer known for defeating the Inca Empire in modern-day Peru