Franks & Charlemagne
This Germanic tribe created a powerful kingdom in Western Europe after Rome fell.
Who were the Franks?
The system where land was exchanged for loyalty and military service.
What is feudalism?
These deadly diseases spread through Europe and killed millions in the 1300s.
What was the Black Death (Bubonic Plague)?
The holy city both Christians and Muslims fought to control.
What is Jerusalem?
This word means “rebirth.”
What is Renaissance?
This Frankish king united much of Western Europe and was crowned emperor in 800 CE.
Who was Charlemagne?
Warriors who fought on horseback and followed a code of honor.
Who were knights?
Buildings with thick walls, towers, and moats that protected nobles.
What are castles?
The religious group that called for the First Crusade.
Who were Christians (or the Catholic Church)?
The movement that focused on human potential and classical learning.
What is humanism?
Charlemagne was crowned by this religious leader.
Who was the Pope (Pope Leo III)?
Peasants legally tied to the land and forced to work for a lord.
Who were serfs?
Skilled workers such as blacksmiths and weavers belonged to these organizations.
What are guilds?
The main opponents Christians fought during the Crusades.
Who were Muslims?
This Italian city is considered the birthplace of the Renaissance.
What is Florence?
This system of government divided Charlemagne’s empire among counts and local lords.
What is feudalism (or local lord rule)?
This was the self-sufficient estate where most people lived and worked.
What is a manor?
The most powerful institution in medieval Europe.
What is the Catholic Church?
One positive effect of the Crusades was increased __________ between Europe and Asia.
trade
Artist who painted the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper.
Who was Leonardo da Vinci?
After Charlemagne died, this treaty split his empire into three parts.
What was the Treaty of Verdun?
Name the order of the feudal pyramid from top to bottom.
King → Lords/Nobles → Knights → Peasants/Serfs
This method of farming rotated crops to keep soil fertile.
What is the three-field system (crop rotation)?
Name two long-term effects of the Crusades.
trade growth, cultural exchange, weakening feudalism, stronger monarchs, spread of ideas/technology (any two)
This invention by Johannes Gutenberg helped spread ideas quickly.
What is the printing press?