who?
Who was the supreme leader of the Catholic Church during the Middle Ages?
The Pope
What is feudalism?
A social and political system based on land ownership and loyalty between lords and vassals.
Where did kings and feudal lords live in the Middle Ages?
In castles and palaces.
When did the Middle Ages begin?
Around the 5th century after the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476.
What does the term “feudalism” mean?
A social and political system based on land ownership and loyalty.
Who mainly fought in the Crusades?
Knights, nobles, and sometimes peasants.
What were the Crusades?
Religious military campaigns by European Christians to take control of the Holy Land.
Where were medieval cities usually located?
Near rivers, trade routes, or castles.
When did the Middle Ages end?
Around the late 15th century.
What does the word “vassal” mean?
A person who receives land from a lord and serves him.
Who ruled the states during the Middle Ages?
Kings and monarchs
What was the vassal’s oath?
A promise of loyalty and service made by a vassal to his lord.
Where were castles most often built?
On hills or in strategically important places.
When did the Crusades take place?
From the 11th to the 13th centuries
What does the term “serf” mean?
A peasant who was legally bound to the land of a lord.
Who governed lands on behalf of the king?
Feudal lords such as dukes, counts, and barons
What is a natural economy?
An economy where people produce goods mainly for their own use rather than for trade.
Where were knight tournaments held?
On open fields or special grounds near towns and castles.
When did the first universities appear in Europe?
In the 12th–13th centuries.
What does the word “baron” mean?
A nobleman of high rank who owned land and served the king.
Who worked on the land of the feudal lord?
Peasants and serfs.
What was the feudal hierarchy?
A social system with the king at the top, followed by nobles, knights, and peasants.
Where did people study in the Middle Ages?
In monasteries, church schools, and universities
When were young men usually knighted?
Usually around the age of 18–21.
What does the word “knight” mean?
A trained mounted warrior who served a king or lord in the Middle Ages