Vocab
Define Menopause and Menstruation
Menopause: ovaries stop producing eggs, cessation of reproduction
Menstruation: Shedding of the uterine lining when no fertilization occurs
Define Dispersal
when an animal goes away from its original location/group, and moves into a new one when mating
Fill in the blank:
younger females ______ from intergenerational reproductive conflict and will have _____ fecundity than older females
Blank 1: Suffer less
Blank 2: higher
Which has higher survivorship firstborns or non-firstborns?
Non-firstborns
What was the name of the matriarchal tribe in China?
The Mosuo people
Define fecundity
The ability to produce offspring, fertility
Fill in the blank:
There are two types of mating seen in Figure 2: one was ____ mating the other was _______ mating
local and nonlocal
If a whale decides to increase her own fecundity what does that do to the overall group?
Increasing their own fecundity at a cost to the overall fitness of the group
When does relatedness decline?
After peak fertility is reached
What percentage of calves were born during reproductive conflict?
30%
Define Kinship Dynamics
Kinship Dynamics: age related changes in local relatedness driven by mortality, dispersal, and mating
What are the 3 types of dispersals
Males Disperse
Females Disperse
Neither Disperses
What is the reproductive overlap in an older generation? (The age between generations)
Older generation females give birth to calf plus/minus 2 years of a grand offspring
What do the different colored lines represent in Figure 1 A?
Red: mean relatedness to other females
Blue: mean relatedness to other males
Black= average relatedness across both sexes
How long do female whales live?
How long do male whales live?
(x2 points for both)
Females: About 70-80 years
Males: About 30 years
Define Parturition:
Parturition: action of giving birth to a child
Give a real world example of male and female dispersal:
Male dispersal: a man leaves his family to start his own family, offspring tends to live with him (patriarchal)
Female dispersal: a woman leaves her family to start her own family, offspring tends to live with her (matriarchal)
What happens to the mortality rates of first born calves born during reproductive conflict?
Calves born first in reproductive conflict have higher mortality rate than later born calves in conflict
What is the difference between female local relatedness and male local relatedness?
Male local relatedness goes up with age
Female local relatedness stays constant
What is the median age for a whale to have a calf?
15 years old
"unusual kinship dynamics in human, killer whales, and short-finned pilot whales have caused these species to develop menopause as a response to intergenerational reproductive conflict” (pg 1)
Draw a diagram explaining the three types of dispersal
We'll be the judge of this >:p
Give two examples of "Grandma Benefits"
Can provide alloparental care, help sons breed, and be a source of knowledge for the group ie. know where food is
When do females stop reproducing?
30-40 years old
Where in China did the Musuo tribe live?
Yunnan, China