Week 1 & 2
What is the function of the cerebrum?
Conscious thought and higher order thinking
What is the stepping pattern generator?
Intertwined highway of interneurons connecting sensory and motor signals at that spinal level. (elicit walking)
What is the function of the cerebellum?
Integrate incoming sensory info to form quality of movement
Name the 5 structures of the basal ganglia
Caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra
When toes extend. Sign of UMN lesion
What are the neurotransmitters for the sympathetic? What about the parasympathetic?
S: ACh, Nor/epinephrine
PS: ACh
What are the myotomes (C5-S1)?
Show chart
What are the 3 cortical layers of the cerebellum?
Molecular, Purkinje, Granule
Explain disinhibition.
Use her example
What are the 2 types of hypertonia?
Velocity Dependent (spasticity)
Rigidity (What are 2 types of rigidity?)
Intrafusal fibers innervated by what kind of motor neurons? Extrafusal?
I: Gamma
E: Alpha
Differentiate motor neuron and motor tract lesions.
MNL: Damage to nerve or neural body that directly activates muscle
MTL: Damage to spinal cord is located along the motor tract
What are the 3 peduncles and what kind of axons do they have? (a/efferent)
Superior: Connects to midbrain and contains efferent signals
Middle: Connects to pons and contains only afferent
Inferior: Both efferent and afferent
Explain hyperdirect pathway.
Go through photo pathway.
Parkinson's causes a Increase/decrease in movement?
Huntington's causes a increase/decrease in movement?
PD: decrease
HD: increase
What are the signals and tollbooths of the Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscus tract?
Signals: Light touch, proprioception, sterognosis
Tollbooths: DRG, Ipsilateral nucleus cuneatus/gracilis, Contralateral VPL of thalamus
Name the 4 medial motor tracts and what are their function is.
R:Activate postural and gross movements of all 4 limbs.
MC: Bilateral control of axial and upper girdle muscles
LV: Posture, balance, facilitate extensor muscles to counter gravity
MV: Regarding head movement and position. Activates neck and upper back muscles
What are the 2 high fidelity and 2 internal feedback tracts of the spinocerebellum?
HF: Posterior spinocerebellar & Cuneocerebellar
IF: Anterior spinocerebellar & rostrocerebellar
Explain Direct-Go pathway.
Refer to slides.
Loss of fractionated movement is caused by a lesion to what tract?
Lateral corticospinal tract
What are the signals and tollbooths of the Anterolateral Tracts?
Signals: Discriminative pain, temp, crude touch
Tollbooths: DRG, Dorsal horn of SC, Contralateral VPL of thalamus
What are the 2 lateral tracts and what are their functions?
Lateral corticospinal, rubrospinal.
LCST: King of voluntary movement and fractionation.
Rubrospinal: Responsible for distal UE extensor muscles
What are the 3 functional systems of the cerebellum and what do they function to do?
Spinocerebellum: mainly coordinate gross limb movements
Vestibulocerebellum: Focuses on balance, equilibrium, and coordinated eye movements
Cerebrocerebellum: In lateral hemispheres and coordinates precise distal extremity movements
Explain Indirect No-Go Pathway.
Refer to slides.
Differentiate UMN and LMN lesions
UMN: Affects any motor neuron from cortical level to the LMN cell body. (Hyperreflexia/tonia, rigidity)
LMN: Affects motor neuron directly innervating skeletal muscle (Hyporeflexia/tonia, flaccidity)