Show:
Sensation & Perception
The Modal Model
Forgetting
Reasoning, Decision-Making, & Problem-Solving
Directly from the text
(... gulp)
100
Any pattern of physical energy
What is a stimulus?
100
The three main types of memory in the Modal Model are _____, _____, and ______.
What are sensory memory, short-term or working memory, and long-term memory?
100
_______ amnesia occurs when brain tissue is damaged.
What is organic amnesia?
100
Finding many examples or details to create an overarching theory is an example of _______ reasoning.
What is inductive reasoning?
100
Recognizing a caricature a political figure with big ears and a big nose as George W. Bush is an example of using a __________.
What is a perceptual set?
200
This process converts one form of energy into another.
What is sensory tranduction?
200
The use of _______ by expert participants who remembered more positions of chess pieces in Chase & Simon’s (1973) experiment demonstrates the effect of ________ information on memory.
What are schemas and top-down information?
200
These are three ways in which forgetting might occur (that we discussed in class).
What are decay, interference, amnesia?
200
_______ theories assume that people should make rational decisions to “maximize” outcomes and are the basis of the field of _________.
What are normative theories and economics?
200
Another theory of forgetting is called ________, a Freudian idea that we are motivated to forget painful and anxiety-arousing memories.
What is repression?
300
Eye convergence is an example of a ______ depth cue.
What is a binocular depth cue?
300
Evidence from Murdock (1962) and Peterson & Peterson on __________ effects demonstrate that memory is NOT a _________ phenomenon.
What are primacy/recency effects and a unitary phenomenon?
300
Loftus asked participants to describe a video of a car crash. She used _______ (by using words like “collided” vs. “contacted”) to manipulate the participants’ memory.
What is framing?
300
The relationship between induction and deduction demonstrates the _______ nature of science.
What is the iterative nature?
300
One theory of memory storage states that memories are represented as an __________, a massive network of associated ideas and concepts, which are activated by ________. (Ex. Thinking of a fire engine may lead you to think of “red” or “truck.”)
What are an associative network and priming?
400
The gorilla video from class is an example of ______ and demonstrates the power of _______ processing.
What are inattentional blindness & top-down processing?
400
Craik & Tulving showed participants a word and asked them to think either about its structure, a rhyme, or a sentence using the word (the levels of the _______ variable). Their results show that _____ of processing affects ________ of memories into long-term memory.
What are independent, depth, and encoding?
400
Jenkins & Dallenbach tested memory of words after participants learned and then _____ for 8 hours or _______ for 8 hours. The results support that forgetting occurs due to _______, not ______.
What are slept, went about daily activities, interference, and decay?
400
The _______ of a question (ex. Loftus using “collide” vs. “contact”) can affect both memory and decision-making, demonstrating the role of _______ processing in many aspects of cognition.
What are framing and bottom-up processing?
400
_______ occurs when memories are distorted by misleading postevent information, which can be a problem in court cases that rely on eye-witness testimony.
What is the misinformation effect?
500
Palmer's (1975) experiment (think loaves of bread & mailboxes) demonstrates the effect of top-down processing on early perceptual processing by using ______ to ______ participants.
What are schemas and priming?
500
Martha decides to study for PSYC 150 in Love Auditorium. It’s clear that she knows about the effects of ___________ on memory and how the ________ of a memory can affect its ________.
What are context-dependent learning, encoding, and retrieval?
500
N.C. had _______ amnesia, meaning that he could not form new long-term memories. However, N.C. was able to form ______ long-term memories; just not ________ long-term memories.
What are anterograde, procedural, and declarative?
500
Catherine moves to a new town in the Adirondacks; soon she learns that over the summer, two groups of hikers died while hiking Giant Mountain. She decides that hiking Giant Mountain must be very dangerous, and she decides never to go there. Catherine has used the _______ bias to conclude the mountain is dangerous, and the _______ bias will perpetuate this belief.
What are the availability and confirmation biases?
500
______ are the most typical and familiar members of a category (ex. A cat is one for mammals, but a platypus is not), which often guide our reasoning and decision-making processes.
What is a prototype?