Endocrinology
Endocrine signaling travels through what part of the body and how far?
What is blood. It can travel longer or shorter ranges.
What do the three layers of the heart do?
What is...
Endocardium: prevents clotting/infection
Myocardium: generated force
Epicardium:protection
How many lobes do the right and left lung have? Why?
Right: 3, Left: 2 (to make room for heart)
The functional unit of the kidney
What is... nephron
What are the stages of stress and adaptation to stress?
Stage 1: The Alarm Reaction
Stage 2: The Stage of Resistance
Stage 3: The Stage of Exhaustion
A group of hormones and neurotransmitters that are crucial for the body's response to stress, also known as the "fight-or-flight" response.
What is... Catecholamines. Dopamine, epinephrine (adrenaline), and norepinephrine (noradrenaline),
Explain the steps of the depolarization pathway.
What is... SA node --> AV node --> bundle of His --> bundle branches --> Purkinje fibers
Causes lungs to stretch(active and passive breathing). Located in lung tissue and thoracic wall.
What is... Elastin
What is the difference between ACE I and ACE II?
What is... ACE I converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II whereas ACE II destroys angiotensin II once BP is raised.
Antigens: Proteins or carbohydrates found on the surface of red blood cells. (hair color)
Ex: A, B,
Antibodies: proteins produced by the immune system in response to antigens. Attack foreign substances, including incompatible blood types.
Ex: anti-A, anti-B
Up and down regulation? give me an example of each
•Up Regulation: exposure improves future sensitivity!
Oxytocin and increasing numbers of receptors as birth approaches, More receptors, More contractile force!
•Down Regulation: exposure decreases future sensitivity.
Insulin/Obesity: reduced receptors causes Type II diabetes. Fewer hormone receptors, Less ability to remove glucose from blood!
Why do myocardial cells plateau?
What is... to make sure all the blood from the atrium gets to the ventricles
The change in pressure causes gasses to bubble out of joints and spinal fluid
What is... The bends
The right atrium triggers this to be released, why?
What is... ANF is released when the right atrium becomes overstretched. It works by telling the kidneys and body to get rid of sodium, prevent water reabsorption, prevent the release of ADH and aldosterone.
Explain the autonomic nervous system and the two branches.
What is... a component of the peripheral nervous system that regulates involuntary physiologic processes including heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion, and sexual arousal.
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
The two parts of the pituitary gland and the hormones produced from each.
What is anterior (FLATPEG) and posterior pituitary(oxytocin and ADH)
Which chamber of the heart generates the most pressure? Why?
What is... the left ventricle. Tt has to push blood to the whole body (except for the lungs)
Where is cilia located in the respiratory tract and the function?
•Location: Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Bronchi
•Function: carry mucus, bacteria, pollen, dust and other potentially harmful material (caught in mucus) up and out to the glottis.
Pick two diuretics and explain.
what is...
-Thiazides: Inhibit Na+ reabsorption in the DCT
-Furosemide: inhibits the Na+-K+-Cl- symport in
the ascending loop of Henle
-Aldosterone antagonists: block effects of
aldosterone (block Na+ reabsorption)
-Caffeine: Dilates afferent arterioles (GFR)
-Osmotic diuretics: mannitol/glucose, acidosis,
alkalosis, proteinuria
If a person is 160lbs, how many liters of blood do they have?
•160lbs/ 2.2lbs/kg = 72.7kg body weight
•72.7kg x 0.08(8%) = 5.818 liters
Small, triangular-shaped glands located on top of both kidneys. Two parts? What do they produce?
What is...Adrenal Glands. Medula(catecholamines) and Cortex(steroid hormones:cortisol, aldosterone, androgens)
What is the five step cardiac cycle?
•Ventricle Diastole: semilunar valves are closed, and AV valves are open
•Atrial systole: happens towards the end of V. Diastole, ventricles are primed with atrial blood and the semilunar valves are still closed
•Isovolumetric contraction: semilunar valves still closed, AV valves are closed by back flow of blood into atria since V BP increased, no blood is leaving yet because aortic and pulmonic valves aren’t open due to pressure gradient, pressure is generated until V mmHg > Arterial mmHg
•Ventricular ejection: when VmmHg>AmmHg, semilunar valves open and blood can exit the ventricle and enter either pulmonic artery or aorta
•V. Diastole: end of contraction, semilunar valves close if VentP<Arterial P, when AV valves open IVR ends and diastolic filling begins the next cardiac cycle
What is the difference between an open, closed, and tension pneumothorax?
•Closed Pneumothorax: Air leaks from the lung into the pleural space through a tear in the lung tissue, often caused by blunt trauma, like a fractured rib, or even spontaneously.
•Tension Pneumothorax: Air accumulates in the pleural space but cannot escape, creating a one-way valve effect
•Open Pneumothorax: Air enters the pleural space directly from the outside through a wound in the chest wall, such as a stab wound or gunshot wound
what is the release of renin by the kidneys, which then converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is further converted to angiotensin II by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), which is a potent vasoconstrictor that increases blood pressure. Angiotensin II also stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal glands, leading to sodium retention and further blood pressure increase.
The difference between type I and type 2 diabetes. How each is treated?
What is...Type 1 diabetes is a chronic (life-long) autoimmune disease that prevents your pancreas from making insulin. It requires daily management with insulin injections and blood sugar monitoring.