Lewis Structures
This element is most commonly the central atom in oxyacids because it is less electronegative than oxygen.
What is the nonmetal other than oxygen?
Resonance structures represent different arrangements of these particles, while atom positions remain fixed.
What are electrons?
Molecular polarity depends on both bond polarity and this additional factor.
What is molecular geometry?
As bond order increases, bond length generally does this.
What is decrease?
Bond enthalpy values are typically reported for substances in this phase.
What is the gas phase?
The total number of valence electrons in the sulfate ion, SO₄²⁻.
What is 32 electrons?
The best resonance contributor minimizes formal charges and places negative charge on the more this type of atom.
What is electronegative?
Although CO₂ contains polar bonds, the molecule is overall nonpolar because of this geometry.
What is linear geometry?
Which bond is expected to have the greatest bond enthalpy: C–C, C=C, or C≡C?
What is C≡C?
Breaking chemical bonds is always this type of process.
What is endothermic?
When drawing Lewis structures, this atom almost never serves as the central atom because it forms only one bond.
What is hydrogen?
Calculate the formal charge on sulfur in SO₄²⁻ when sulfur forms two double bonds and two single bonds.
What is 0?
Predict the molecular geometry of SF₄ using VSEPR theory.
What is seesaw?
A shorter bond generally corresponds to this type of electrostatic attraction between nuclei and electrons.
What is stronger attraction?
The enthalpy of reaction can be estimated using this relationship.
What is bonds broken minus bonds formed?
For SCN⁻ identify which atom is most likely the negative center of charge.
What is the structure with the negative charge primarily on nitrogen?
Ozone, O₃, exhibits resonance because experimental evidence shows these two bond lengths are identical.
What are the oxygen-oxygen bond lengths?
This intermolecular force is primarily responsible for the unusually high boiling point of water.
What is hydrogen bonding?
Explain why nitrogen gas, N₂, is relatively unreactive.
What is because the N≡N triple bond has extremely high bond enthalpy?
If ΔH for a reaction is negative, the products are at this relative energy compared to reactants.
What is lower energy?
XeF₄ violates the octet rule because xenon contains this many electrons around the central atom.
What is 12 electrons?
The resonance hybrid of benzene indicates that all carbon-carbon bonds have this approximate bond order.
What is 1.5?
Determine whether XeF₂ is polar or nonpolar and justify using molecular geometry.
What is nonpolar because it is linear and dipoles cancel?
Rank the following bonds from weakest to strongest: O–O, O=O, N≡N.
What is O–O < O=O < N≡N?
A reaction requires 820 kJ to break bonds and releases 1040 kJ when new bonds form. Determine ΔH and classify the reaction.
What is −220 kJ and exothermic?