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Pharmacology
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Clinical
Patho
100

Is asthma classified as an obstructive or restrictive respiratory disorder?

Restrictive

100

What is the generic name for Coumadin?

Warfarin 

100

What is the referred range for sodium?

135-145

100

What should you be most concerned about when a patient has abdominal pain and a stiff abdomen?

What do these ABG results show? 

pH 7.49, PaCO2 22, HCO3- 17

Peritonitis 

100

How does surfactant work?

Its primary function is to reduce the surface tension of the alveoli, allowing for easier breathing and preventing lung collapse.


200

What is Barrett’s Esophagus and what is it a sign of?

A chronic condition wherein the tissue in the esophagus changes to resemble that which is found in the small intestine.  It is usually a sign of GERD.

200

What class of drug is best for managing airway inflammation long term?

*BONUS* what class of drug is best for managing acute respiratory attacks?

Glucocorticoids 

Bronchodilators

200

What’s the referred range for ALT/AST? 

8-20

200

What are the two MUST ASK questions to ask a patient during a suicide screening?  What follow up question do you ask if the patient answers yes to any of the first two questions?

  • “In the past month, have you had thoughts about suicide?” 
  • “Have you ever made a suicide attempt?”
  • ”Are you having thoughts of suicide right now?”
200

How do baroreceptors respond to a drop in blood pressure?  

Decreased BP → baroreceptors stimulate SNS → constriction of peripheral arterioles, increased HR & increased contractility of the heart

300

What are the distinctions between type 1 and 2 diabetes?

In type 1, the body is unable to produce insulin.  It is not caused by lifestyle habits and is genetic.


In type 2, the body experiences 

  1. Insulin resistance: tissues do not respond to action of insulin; either the receptors are unresponsive, insufficient in numbers - or both
  2. Decrease in the pancreas’ ability to produce insulin: fatigued beta cells from over compensatioN, usually due to lifestyle habits.
300

Describe the MOA for an SSRI


Selectively block neuronal reuptake of serotonin


300

What is the referred range for HCO3 (Bicarb)

22-26

300

What pulse should you not assess bilaterally?

Carotid pulse 

300

How is TSH used to help diagnose a thyroid disorder?

the pituitary gland, which regulates thyroid hormone production, receives feedback from the thyroid gland and reduces TSH secretion when thyroid hormone levels are already elevated, and increases TSH secretion when levels are decreased.

400

what is the difference between diverticulitis and diverticula?

Diverticula are small pouches that form in the lining of the colon, while diverticulitis is when those pouches become inflamed or infected

400

What is a normal side effect of rifampin that patients are usually alarmed by if they don’t know to expect it?

Bodily fluids turning orange-red 

400

What’s the referred range for RBCs?

3.2-5.2

400

What are the four ways you describe a pulse?

Force, rate, rhythm, equality 

400

What is an addisonnian crisis and why is it dangerous?  

Caused by a sudden drop in hormones released by the adrenal glands (cortisol and aldosterone), usually due to stopping medication regimen suddenly.  This causes extreme hypotension, hyponatremia, and is considered a life threatening emergency.

500

Why is it essential to wean a patient off of long term steroid medications?

When pts are on long term systemic glucocorticoids, adrenals decrease their production of glucocorticoids.  If therapy is stopped suddenly such as switching from PO to inhaled, the patient CAN DIE!!!!!

500

What’s the time for a normal PT (prothrombin time)

10-14 seconds 

500

Force, rate, rhythm, equality

  • Phase I. Prealcoholic phase: Characterized by use of alcohol to relieve everyday stress and tensions of life
  • Phase II. Early alcoholic phase: Begins with blackouts—brief periods of amnesia that occur during or immediately following a period of drinking; alcohol is now required by the person.
  • Phase III. The crucial phase: Person has lost control; physiological dependence is clearly evident.
  • Phase IV. The chronic phase: Characterized by emotional and physical disintegration. The person is usually intoxicated more often than sober.


500

What is often the first sign of hypoxia in older patients?

Confusion, delirium, AMS