Apoptosis and Inflammation
This form of cell death is always pathological, characterized by cell swelling, membrane rupture, and an ensuing inflammatory response.
Necrosis
Secreted by the beta cells of the Islets of Langerhans, this "anabolic" hormone is the primary driver of the fed state, promoting glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue.
Insulin
What is anaemia?
RBC oxygen-carrying capacity is insufficient to meet physiological requirements.
Which vessels join to make the Ampulla of Vata?
main pancreatic duct AND common bile duct
What is the action of tRNA (transfer RNA)?
Bring amino acids to add to polypeptide chain.
These "sentinel" cells of chronic inflammation are derived from blood monocytes and can become "activated" to increase their phagocytic ability.
Macrophages
In the liver, glucagon stimulates this process—the breakdown of stored glycogen into glucose—to maintain blood sugar levels during a fast.
Glycogenolysis
Which substance gives a bruise its purple colour?
Haeme.
In which direction does the splenic artery run in relation to the stomach (anterior, posterior, inferior, superior).
Posterior.
What veins are the only in the body to carry oxygenated blood?
Pulmonary veins.
Which mutation can lead to cancer formation in defective apoptosis or increased cell survival.
p53 mutation.
What time of receptor is the glucagon receptor on the cell membranes of (primarily) liver cells.
G-protein coupled receptor.
List a cause of microcytic anaemia.
Iron deficiency; Later-stage anaemia of chronic disease; Sideroblastic; Thallassemia.
In which surgical procedure is the tail of the pancreas at risk of being injured? And why?
Splenectomy. Pancreas tail "tickles" the spleen (sits within the hilum of the spleen).
At which day post fertilisation does the morula form?
Day 3
In the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis, this organelle releases Cytochrome C into the cytosol to form the "apoptosome."
Mitochondria
This enzyme breaks down triglycerides, releases FFAs and glycerol.
Hormone Sensitive Lipase
What system prevents a blood clot from growing indefinitely and blocking the entire vessel?
The Fibrinolytic System.
Healthy endothelial cells release t-PA (tissue Plasminogen Activator), which converts inactive plasminogen into plasmin. Plasmin then "chews up" the fibrin mesh, dissolving the clot.
How does the omental bursa communicate with the greater sac?
Through the omental foramen (epiploic foramen).
True or False.
Campylobacter Jejuni is rarely transmitted from person to person.
True.
Most often transmitted through infected food, milk and water.
This specific pattern of "cheesy" necrosis is classically associated with granulomatous inflammation in Tuberculosis infections.
Caseous Necrosis
To undergo exocytosis of insulin, beta cells must become depolarised, what ions enter/exit the cell, what channels open and close, and in which order?
ATP levels rise: potassium channels closed, potassium efflux ceased, membrane depolarisation, calcium channels open, calcium influx, exocytosis
What is the difference between adult and infant haemoglobin. What is the reason for this difference?
Adult haemoglobin= 2x alpha, 2x beta.
Infant haemoglobin = 2x alpha, 2x gamma (infant has higher affinity for oxygen, take oxygen from the maternal blood supply).
The ligamentum teres (round ligament of the liver) is the embryological remnant of which structure?
Left umbilical vein
Where do you auscultate on the chest to listen to the aortic valve?
2nd right intercostal space, medially