Prehistoric Sites
This site in Israel, dating to around 11,000 BC, is known as one of the earliest examples of village life.
'Ain Mallaha
This revolution is characterized by the shift from hunting and gathering to farming and settled life.
the Neolithic Revolution
This term describes societies that are characterized by urban settlements, class structures, and monumental buildings
civilization
This term describes the exchange of goods, ideas, and people between early cities and their surrounding regions.
trade
This term refers to the biological process of humans adapting plants and animals for use, fundamentally changing their characteristics.
Domestication
Located in Southeast Turkey, this site features T-shaped pillars and is considered the world's oldest known temple complex.
Göbekli Tepe
Often referred to as the founder of the "Neolithic Revolution" concept, this archaeologist emphasized the importance of settled agriculture.
Gordon Childe
Known for its early use of writing and monumental ziggurats, this city in Southern Iraq was a key site in the Uruk period
Ur
This scholar’s model suggested that Uruk dominated surrounding areas through trade and colonization during the 4th millennium BC.
Guillermo Algaze
According to Gordon Childe, this revolution was marked by the emergence of complex societies with urban centers and specialized labor.
Urban Revolution
This site in Syria is known for its transition from circular to rectangular buildings around 7000 BC.
Tell Sabi Abyad
This period, known for round houses and early domestication, occurred between 9500 and 8700 BCE in the Near East.
Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA)
This early city in Mesopotamia, known for its large urban community and temples, is considered the world's first major city
Uruk
This type of pottery, common during the Ubaid period, is noted for its fine painted designs and widespread use across Mesopotamia.
Ubaid pottery
This hypothesis suggests that the transition to agriculture in the Near East was influenced by abundant wild cereal stands in a particular area.
Fertile Crescent Hypothesis
An important Neolithic site, this settlement near Damascus, Syria, features evidence of the "Skull Cult" around 8000 BC
Tell Aswad
This significant event around 6200 BC caused widespread climate change and affected Neolithic societies in the Near East.
8.2 KA event
These were the two main types of temples found in early Mesopotamian cities like Uruk, used for religious and administrative purposes.
ziggurats and temple complexes
The Uruk World System involves early trade networks between Mesopotamia and these regions to the north and east.
Northern Syria and the Susiana Plain
This scholar argued for a multi-regional and protracted process of plant domestication in the Near East, challenging earlier models.
Dorian Fuller
This short-lived colony in Northern Syria, around 3400-3200 BC, is characterized by tripartite buildings and a walled enclosure.
Habuba Kabira
This early Neolithic culture, identified by unique architecture and communal structures in Southeast Turkey, existed between 11400-9500 BC
Körtik Tepe culture
This early city in Syria, noted for its impressive scale and urban planning, had connections to Uruk during the 4th millennium BC.
Tell Brak
This significant Mesopotamian artifact, often found in administrative contexts, served as a precursor to written records.
Cylinder seals
This concept refers to the use of material culture as a form of external memory, notably during the Neolithic cognitive transition.
"material as external memory" hypothesis