Religious Orders
An unbeliever; a term applied to the Muslims during the Crusades.
Infidel
Military expeditions carried out by European Christians in the Middle Ages to regain the Holy land from Muslims.
Crusades
A Christian rite. Such as Baptism or communion.
Sacraments
An annual direct tax, usually on land or property, that provided a regular source of income for the French monarchy.
Taille
This order was started by Francis of Assisi and took a vow of poverty, forgoing all property ownership.
The Franciscans
German king who died by drowning in a river on his way to the Holy land.
Fredrick Barbarossa
A medieval philosophical and theological system that tried to reconcile faith and reason.
Scholasticism
Architecture which featured vaults, thick walls, and pillars.
Romanesque
Religious order that sought to regain discipline in their midst. They ate simple meals and spent much time in prayer and outside doing work and helping others
The Cistercians
Muslim leader who retook Jerusalem from the crusaders.
Saladin
A decree by the pope that forbade priests from giving the sacraments of the Church to the people.
Interdict
Battle during the Hundred Years War in which the English defeated the French through the use of longbows.
The Battle of Agincourt
This group of individuals sought to fight heresy by torturing individuals into a confession and executing supposed heretics.
The Inquisition
English king who fought in the 3rd Crusade.
Richard I (the Lionhearted)
The practice by which secular rulers both chose nominees to church offices and gave them the symbols of their offices.
Lay Investiture
Architecture which features large stained-glass windows and pointed arches.
Gothic
This order arose as a way to deal with the growth of heresy in the world.
The Dominicans
The pope who declared the 1st Crusade.
Urban II
For a time the popes of the Catholic church resided here, instead of in Rome.
Avignon
A type of vernacular literature, this heroic epic was popular in medieval Europe and described battles and political contests.
Chanson de geste